{ "nodes": [ { "ID": "OV-road", "name": "Moon race", "type": "Question", "properties": {}, "description": "How did humanity get from Luna 2 to Artemis? The road from the first spacecraft to hit the Moon to the Artemis crews began in January 1959, when the Soviet Union's Luna 1 missed its target but became the first craft to escape Earth's gravity, and in September 1959, when Luna 2 became the first human-made object to reach the lunar surface. Cold-war rivalry drove the next decade: after Gagarin's flight in April 1961, President Kennedy asked Congress on 25 May 1961 to land a man on the Moon before the decade was out, and NASA answered with Ranger, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter scouts feeding the Apollo programme while the Soviets raced with Luna landers, Zond circumlunar tests and the N1 rocket.\n\nApollo 8 took the first crew into lunar orbit in December 1968, Apollo 11 landed on 20 July 1969, and six Apollo landings ended with Apollo 17 in December 1972. The Soviet crewed effort died with the failed N1 launches, and Luna 16, 20 and 24 returned small robotic samples before Luna 24 closed the Soviet era in 1976. Then came about three decades with almost no lunar traffic. Japan's Hiten in 1990, Clementine and Lunar Prospector in the 1990s, and ESA's SMART-1 in 2003 reopened the Moon, and the 2007-2009 wave of Kaguya, Chang'e 1 and Chandrayaan-1 plus NASA's LRO and LCROSS found signs of water.\n\nChina then built a step-by-step programme from orbiters to the first far-side landing (Chang'e 4, 2019) and far-side samples (Chang'e 6, 2024); India landed near the south pole with Chandrayaan-3 in 2023, Japan's SLIM made a pinpoint landing in 2024, and private companies from Israel, Japan and the United States followed, the American ones under NASA's commercial services programme. Artemis I flew uncrewed in 2022, and Artemis II carried Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Jeremy Hansen around the Moon from 1 to 10 April 2026, farther from Earth than any humans before. As of October 2026 Artemis III is a 2027 Earth-orbit docking test with the commercial landers, the first landing is planned for Artemis IV in early 2028, NASA has paused the Gateway station, and China's Chang'e-7 has been postponed with no new date.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program", "size": [9, 9], "position": { "x": 6.25, "y": 7, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-luna", "name": "Luna", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1959, "Years active": "1959–1976, 2023" }, "description": "The Luna programme was the Soviet Union's series of robotic lunar probes, launched from 1959 and built first by OKB-1 and, from the mid-1960s, by the Lavochkin design bureau. It produced the Moon's first escape, impact, far-side photographs, soft landing and orbiter, and later the first robotic sample returns and two Lunokhod rovers.\n\nThe programme was driven by competition with the United States: each Soviet first prompted a US response, and the Luna 15 sample-return attempt even coincided with Apollo 11 in July 1969. Luna 24 in 1976 was the last Soviet flight. Russia revived the line with Luna 25 in August 2023, which crashed after a thruster burn ran 127 seconds instead of 84, and Roscosmos still lists Luna 26, 27 and 28 as future missions without firm 2026 dates.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_programme", "size": [4.2, 3], "position": { "x": 10.15, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-zond", "name": "Zond", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1965, "Years active": "1965–1970" }, "description": "The Zond programme was the Soviet test series for a crewed trip around the Moon. Zond 3 in 1965 photographed the far side, and Zond 4 to 8 flew a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft that was meant to carry two cosmonauts on circumlunar loops.\n\nThe tests ran from 1967 to 1970 and most showed re-entry problems. Zond 5 in September 1968 was the first spacecraft to circle the Moon and return to Earth, but by then Apollo 8 was about to overtake the plan, and after the N1 rocket failures the Soviet crewed lunar effort lost its purpose. Zond 8 in October 1970 was the last flight.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_program", "size": [4.2, 3], "position": { "x": 10.15, "y": -39.93, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-pioneer", "name": "Pioneer", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1958, "Years active": "1958–1960" }, "description": "The early Pioneer program was NASA's first attempt at lunar probes, run in 1958-1960 after the agency was created in response to Sputnik. The probes were small craft built with JPL and launched from Cape Canaveral.\n\nMost of the attempts failed at launch, and the series became known for its string of failures. Pioneer 4 on 3 March 1959 was the one partial success: it passed the Moon at about 59,000 km and became the first US spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity. The failures pushed NASA toward the larger Ranger and Surveyor designs.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_program", "size": [6.6, 3], "position": { "x": 8.95, "y": -48.67, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-ranger", "name": "Ranger", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1961, "Years active": "1961–1965" }, "description": "The Ranger programme was NASA's first successful lunar scouting series, run by JPL from 1961 to 1965. Ranger spacecraft were designed to fly straight at the Moon and send back television pictures until they crashed.\n\nRangers 1 to 6 failed, in launch, in space or at the camera stage, and critics called the record a hundred-percent failure. After a redesign Ranger 7 (July 1964), Ranger 8 (February 1965) and Ranger 9 (March 1965) each returned thousands of close-up pictures, and these images helped select Apollo sites.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_program", "size": [5.8, 3], "position": { "x": 9.35, "y": -55.52, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-surveyor", "name": "Surveyor", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1966, "Years active": "1966–1968" }, "description": "The Surveyor programme sent seven soft landers to the Moon between 1966 and 1968 to learn whether the lunar soil could support a crewed Apollo lander. It was run by JPL for NASA, launched from Cape Canaveral on Atlas-Centaur rockets, and cost 469 million dollars.\n\nFive of the seven landed softly: Surveyor 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 sent back tens of thousands of television pictures and analysed soil, finding it firm and basaltic. Surveyor 2 crashed after a failed mid-course correction and Surveyor 4 was lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown. The results cleared the way for Apollo landings, and Apollo 12 later walked up to Surveyor 3.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program", "size": [7.4, 3], "position": { "x": 8.55, "y": -70, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-lunar-orbiter", "name": "Lunar Orbiter", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1966, "Years active": "1966–1968" }, "description": "The Lunar Orbiter programme was a set of five NASA spacecraft launched on Atlas-Agena rockets in 1966-1967 to photograph the Moon from orbit and find safe Apollo and Surveyor landing sites.\n\nThe first three orbiters surveyed candidate landing areas on the near side; the fourth and fifth mapped the whole Moon, and together the five brought photographic coverage of the surface to 99 percent. All five were successful and were later commanded to crash on the Moon. Their pictures, including the first image of Earth from lunar orbit, became the base map for Apollo.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program", "size": [9.8, 3], "position": { "x": 7.35, "y": -62.65, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-apollo", "name": "Apollo", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "Apollo", "Year": 1961, "Years active": "1961–1972" }, "description": "The Apollo programme was NASA's effort, begun after President Kennedy's speech of 25 May 1961, to land humans on the Moon and return them safely. Its Saturn V rocket and three-part spacecraft carried twelve people to the lunar surface across six landings from Apollo 11 in July 1969 to Apollo 17 in December 1972.\n\nThe programme survived the Apollo 1 fire of January 1967, which killed Grissom, White and Chaffee and suspended crewed flights for about 20 months, and the Apollo 13 oxygen tank failure of April 1970, when the crew looped around the Moon and returned alive. Budget cuts led NASA to cancel the last planned landing missions in 1970, and the programme ended with Apollo 17.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program", "size": [5.8, 3], "position": { "x": 9.35, "y": -98.82, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-artemis", "name": "Artemis", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2017, "Years active": "2017–present" }, "description": "The Artemis programme is NASA's plan to return humans to the Moon and then build a sustained presence there. It grew out of the 2017 space policy directive calling for a US-led return, was named Artemis on 16 May 2019, and is built around the Space Launch System rocket, the Orion crew capsule and commercial landers.\n\nArtemis I flew uncrewed in November 2022 and Artemis II carried four astronauts around the Moon in April 2026. In February 2026 NASA recast Artemis III as an Earth-orbit docking test with both commercial landers, planned for 2027, which moved the first landing to Artemis IV in early 2028. On 24 March 2026 NASA paused the Gateway lunar-orbit station in favour of a surface base, and 76 countries had signed the Artemis Accords by 26 September 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program", "size": [6.6, 3], "position": { "x": 8.95, "y": -116.58, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-robotic-science", "name": "NASA science", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1994, "Years active": "1994–present" }, "description": "After Apollo ended, the United States returned to the Moon with small robotic missions built for science and technology testing. Clementine (1994) was a military and NASA technology demonstrator, Lunar Prospector (1998) was a Discovery-class mission, and the 2009 pair of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS began a systematic hunt for polar ice.\n\nGRAIL (2011) mapped the gravity field with twin craft and LADEE (2013) studied the thin exosphere and dust. The line was driven by the question of whether permanently shadowed craters hold water, a question that later shaped where commercial landers aim, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is still working in 2026 as the main surveyor of landing sites.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter", "size": [9.8, 3], "position": { "x": 7.35, "y": -81.4, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-clps", "name": "CLPS", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US commercial", "Year": 2018, "Years active": "2018–present" }, "description": "Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) is a NASA programme established in 2018 to buy end-to-end robotic delivery to the Moon from private companies on fixed-price contracts. Most landings target the south pole to scout resources, test in-situ resource use and support Artemis.\n\nThe first four flights ran from 2024 to 2025: Astrobotic's Peregrine failed with a propellant leak, Intuitive Machines' IM-1 made the first US commercial landing but tipped over, Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 1 was the first fully successful commercial landing, and IM-2 landed on its side. As of October 2026 Griffin Mission One is targeted for November 2026, IM-3 and Blue Ghost Mission 2 for early 2027, and a Draper and ispace mission was cancelled in July 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services", "size": [4.2, 3], "position": { "x": 10.15, "y": -129.54, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-clep", "name": "Chang'e", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Group": "China", "Year": 2004, "Years active": "2004–present" }, "description": "The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, also called the Chang'e programme, was dated from 23 January 2004 and is run by the China National Space Administration. It follows a staged plan of orbiting, landing and returning, now continuing with a robotic research station phase.\n\nPhase I put Chang'e 1 (2007) and Chang'e 2 (2010) in orbit; phase II landed Chang'e 3 (2013) and Chang'e 4 (2018), the first far-side landing; phase III returned samples with Chang'e 5 (2020), after the Chang'e 5-T1 re-entry test; and Chang'e 6 (2024) returned the first far-side samples, relayed by the Queqiao satellites. Chang'e-7 was due in 2026 but on 23 August 2026 China said it could not launch in this year's window and gave no new date; a crewed landing is targeted for 2029-2030.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_program", "size": [6.6, 3], "position": { "x": 8.95, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-chandrayaan", "name": "Chandrayaan", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2008, "Years active": "2008–present" }, "description": "The Chandrayaan programme is the Indian Space Research Organisation's lunar exploration line. Chandrayaan-1 (2008) was India's first lunar probe and carried an impact probe plus NASA instruments; Chandrayaan-2 (2019) added a lander and rover; and Chandrayaan-3 (2023) repeated the landing.\n\nChandrayaan-2's Vikram lander crashed on 6 September 2019 after a software fault, but its orbiter kept working and later helped select and image the Chandrayaan-3 site. On 23 August 2023 Chandrayaan-3 made India the fourth country to soft-land on the Moon and the first to land near the south pole.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme", "size": [9.8, 3], "position": { "x": 7.35, "y": -164.71, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-japan", "name": "Japan", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 1990, "Years active": "1990–2024" }, "description": "Japan's lunar line began with the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and passed to JAXA when the agencies merged in 2003. It started with Hiten in 1990, a small probe that tested low-energy transfer paths and became Japan's first lunar mission, and grew into the large Kaguya orbiter of 2007.\n\nKaguya mapped the Moon in detail until it crashed on purpose in June 2009, and its data later guided Japan's own landing. SLIM in 2024 was a landing-technology demonstrator that touched down within about 55 m of its target, making Japan the fifth country to soft-land; it came to rest on its side but survived several lunar nights.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA", "size": [5, 3], "position": { "x": 9.75, "y": -149.17, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-europe", "name": "Europe", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "Europe", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2003, "Years active": "2003–2006" }, "description": "Europe's own lunar flight so far is SMART-1, the European Space Agency's first Moon orbiter, launched in 2003 to test solar-electric propulsion in deep space. Beyond it, ESA builds the European Service Module that powers NASA's Orion on every Artemis flight.\n\nSMART-1 spiralled outward for about 13 months before lunar capture on 15 November 2004 and was crashed deliberately on 3 September 2006. Because the programme exists to prove technology cheaply, its lasting value was the propulsion heritage that fed later missions and the European role in Artemis.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART-1", "size": [5.8, 3], "position": { "x": 9.35, "y": -156.88, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-korea", "name": "Korea", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "South Korea", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2022, "Years active": "2022–present" }, "description": "South Korea's lunar programme, led by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute, began with the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter, later named Danuri. It was designed as the country's first lunar probe and a pathfinder for a later lander.\n\nDanuri launched on a Falcon 9 in August 2022 and reached lunar orbit in December 2022, carrying about 40 kg of instruments including NASA's ShadowCam. A second phase with an orbiter, lander and rover on a Korean KSLV-II rocket is planned for around 2030 to 2032.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute", "size": [5, 3], "position": { "x": 9.75, "y": -180.19, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "PG-private", "name": "Private", "type": "Programme", "properties": { "Country": "International", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2019, "Years active": "2019–2025" }, "description": "A small group of privately funded landers tried to reach the Moon outside any national programme. The Google Lunar X Prize inspired SpaceIL in Israel, whose contest ended in March 2018 without a winner, and the Tokyo company ispace followed with its own Hakuto-R landers.\n\nBeresheet crashed in April 2019, Hakuto-R Mission 1 in April 2023 and Hakuto-R Mission 2 in June 2025, all in the final descent, showing how hard the last minutes are for a low-cost lander. SpaceIL put Beresheet 2 on hold in April 2025 and ispace is planning a third mission with a new lander for 2028.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceIL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)", "size": [6.6, 3], "position": { "x": 8.95, "y": -172.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-nasa", "name": "NASA", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Year": 1958 }, "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 29 July 1958 and began operating on 1 October 1958, built around the older NACA, after the Soviet Sputnik launch started the space race. It has run every American lunar mission, from Pioneer, Ranger and Surveyor through Apollo to Artemis.\n\nAfter Apollo, NASA reopened the Moon with small robotic missions and, since 2018, buys landings from private companies. In 2026 it flew Artemis II, recast Artemis III as an Earth-orbit docking test and paused the Gateway station in favour of a surface base.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA", "size": [4.2, 2], "position": { "x": 189.2006, "y": -190.11, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true }, "images": ["49c1f478-68d6-4827-84e3-fbb9ff94cf3d"] }, { "ID": "OR-lavochkin", "name": "Lavochkin", "type": "Company", "properties": { "Country": "Russia", "Year": 1937 }, "description": "Lavochkin is a Russian space-design company founded in 1937 as the Soviet aircraft bureau OKB-301. It later became the builder of the Soviet and Russian lunar probes and the planetary spacecraft that carry its name on the Luna series from Luna 9 onward.\n\nThe bureau built the soft landers, orbiters and sample-return craft of the Luna and Zond programmes and the Lunokhod rovers, and in 2023 it built Luna 25, the first Russian lunar mission since Luna 24 in 1976. It is now a subsidiary of Roscosmos.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin", "size": [8.2, 2], "position": { "x": 165.7512, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-roscosmos", "name": "Roscosmos", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "Russia", "Year": 1992 }, "description": "Roscosmos is Russia's space agency, tracing its origins to the Russian Space Agency set up in 1992 and restructured in 1999, 2004 and 2015. It inherited the Soviet space legacy, including the Luna probes.\n\nIt launched Luna 25 in 2023 as the first of a Luna-Glob series that was meant to run into the 2030s, with Luna 26 as an orbiter, Luna 27 as polar landers and Luna 28 as a sample return. The Luna 25 crash in August 2023 and later postponements of Russian Moon and Venus timelines left those follow-on missions without firm dates in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos", "size": [8.2, 2], "position": { "x": 187.2604, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true }, "images": ["78665131-9bdb-4d84-9a95-cbf876fb857b"] }, { "ID": "OR-cnsa", "name": "CNSA", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Year": 1993 }, "description": "The China National Space Administration (CNSA) was formed on 22 April 1993 and oversees China's civil space programmes, including the Chang'e lunar exploration missions. It is the agency behind China's staged moon plan from orbiters to landers to sample return.\n\nUnder it China made the first soft landing on the Moon's far side (Chang'e 4, 2019) and the first far-side sample return (Chang'e 6, 2024). Its next mission, Chang'e-7, was postponed on 23 August 2026 with no new date.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration", "size": [4.2, 2], "position": { "x": 371.7842, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true }, "images": ["36cd789a-d010-4f0b-8718-ad3e6a79eda2"] }, { "ID": "OR-isro", "name": "ISRO", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Year": 1969 }, "description": "The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was founded on 15 August 1969 as the successor to the national space committee INCOSPAR. It builds and launches India's satellites and planetary probes from Sriharikota.\n\nIt launched Chandrayaan-1 on a PSLV in 2008, a probe reported as the first to confirm water on the Moon, then Chandrayaan-2 in 2019 and Chandrayaan-3 in 2023, whose soft landing on 23 August 2023 near the lunar south pole made India the fourth country to land on the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation", "size": [4.2, 2], "position": { "x": 387.485, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-jaxa", "name": "JAXA", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Year": 2003 }, "description": "The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency was formed on 1 October 2003 by merging ISAS, the National Aerospace Laboratory and the National Space Development Agency. It carries the lunar work of ISAS, which flew Hiten in 1990.\n\nJAXA's Kaguya orbiter mapped the Moon from 2007 to 2009, and SLIM soft-landed on 19 January 2024 about 55 m from its target, making Japan the fifth country to land on the Moon. The agency's next large planetary mission is the Mars moons sample return, which is scheduled to launch on H3 on 19 October 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA", "size": [4.2, 2], "position": { "x": 324.5959, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-esa", "name": "ESA", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "Europe", "Year": 1975 }, "description": "The European Space Agency (ESA) was founded in 1975 when the European Space Research Organisation and the European Launcher Development Organisation merged. It is the joint space agency of its European member states.\n\nIts first lunar craft was SMART-1, a 2003 orbiter testing electric propulsion. Since 2012 it has built the European Service Module, based on the ATV cargo ship, that powers NASA's Orion; it flew on Artemis I in 2022 and Artemis II in 2026, and ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano is named to Artemis III.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency", "size": [4, 2], "position": { "x": 423.3268, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-kari", "name": "KARI", "type": "Agency", "properties": { "Country": "South Korea", "Year": 1989 }, "description": "The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) was founded on 10 October 1989 and is South Korea's national aerospace research body. It designs the country's satellites and launchers, including the KSLV-II rocket.\n\nKARI leads the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter, launched as Danuri in 2022, and is in charge of its system, main body and ground station. A second phase with a lander and rover is planned for around 2030 to 2032.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute", "size": [4.2, 2], "position": { "x": 404.6511, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-spaceil", "name": "SpaceIL", "type": "Company", "properties": { "Country": "Israel", "Year": 2011 }, "description": "SpaceIL is an Israeli non-profit founded in 2011 in Kiryat Ono to compete in the Google Lunar X Prize, a contest to land a privately funded spacecraft on the Moon. Its lander was designed to hop over 500 m rather than carry a rover.\n\nThe contest closed in March 2018 without a winner, but SpaceIL kept building and launched Beresheet with Israel Aerospace Industries in February 2019. The lander crashed on 11 April 2019, and work on a follow-up, Beresheet 2, was put on hold in April 2025 because of funding.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceIL", "size": [6.6, 2], "position": { "x": 395.8956, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-ispace", "name": "ispace", "type": "Company", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Year": 2010 }, "description": "ispace is a Tokyo lunar company founded on 10 September 2010 by Takeshi Hakamada, with offices in the United States and Luxembourg. It builds the Hakuto-R landers and sells lunar transport.\n\nIts first lander crashed in April 2023 after the onboard computer ignored its altimeter, and its second, Resilience, hard-landed in Mare Frigoris in June 2025 after a laser range-finder anomaly. In a March 2026 reorganisation the third mission was reassigned to a new lander called ULTRA, targeting 2028 on a Japanese H3 rocket.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)", "size": [5.8, 2], "position": { "x": 406.7702, "y": -190.11, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-intuitive-machines", "name": "Intuitive Machines", "type": "Company", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Year": 2013 }, "description": "Intuitive Machines is a Houston company founded in 2013 that builds the Nova-C lunar lander and flies it under NASA's commercial services contracts.\n\nIts IM-1 lander Odysseus made the first US soft landing on the Moon since Apollo on 22 February 2024 but tipped on a slope and lost contact within days, and IM-2 Athena landed sideways on 6 March 2025 and ended operations the next day. A third lander, IM-3, is planned and was listed for early 2027 after slips.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_Machines\nPicture: Intuitive Machines Lunar Operations Facility at Houston Spaceport.jpg, Levanters, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intuitive_Machines_Lunar_Operations_Facility_at_Houston_Spaceport.jpg", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 426.8861, "y": -193.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true }, "images": ["e853ecae-c6b5-4f39-ad2d-89191fb06742"] }, { "ID": "OR-firefly", "name": "Firefly", "type": "Company", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Year": 2017 }, "description": "Firefly Aerospace is a Texas company based in Cedar Park, re-created in March 2017 from the assets of the former Firefly Space Systems, which began in January 2014. It builds launch vehicles and the Blue Ghost lunar lander.\n\nOn 2 March 2025 its Blue Ghost Mission 1 made the first fully successful commercial soft landing on the Moon in Mare Crisium, delivered 10 NASA payloads and worked for about 14 days. A second Blue Ghost mission is planned but has no firm date in the sources.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace", "size": [6.6, 2], "position": { "x": 426.8661, "y": -190.11, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "OR-astrobotic", "name": "Astrobotic", "type": "Company", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Year": 2007 }, "description": "Astrobotic Technology is a Pittsburgh company founded in 2007 that builds the Peregrine and Griffin lunar landers and delivers payloads under NASA contracts.\n\nIts Peregrine lander launched on the maiden flight of Vulcan Centaur on 8 January 2024 but a propellant leak ended any landing attempt and it was steered to re-enter over the Pacific on 18 January. Griffin Mission One, built to deliver a rover to the south pole, is targeted for no earlier than November 2026, and Astrobotic was being acquired by Voyager in July 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology", "size": [9, 2], "position": { "x": 413.2261, "y": -186.61, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true }, "images": ["535c98be-ee4b-497d-a5dd-153344a52a34"] }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-8", "name": "Apollo 8", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1968, "Launch date": "1968-12-21", "Mass kg": 28870, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 8 was the first crewed flight to leave Earth's gravity and reach the Moon, flown by Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders on a Saturn V launched from Kennedy Space Center on 21 December 1968.\n\nIt was originally planned as an early-1969 test of the Lunar Module in Earth orbit, but in August 1968 the module had more than a hundred significant defects and could not fly that year. NASA converted the flight into a command-module-only trip to lunar orbit, which kept the 1969 landing goal on schedule. The crew orbited the Moon ten times in about 20 hours, saw the far side and an Earthrise, and read from Genesis in a Christmas Eve broadcast before splashing down in the Pacific on 27 December.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8", "size": 5.27, "position": { "x": 127.1406, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["3ef9cd78-64d3-4079-9432-ce667b37b67f"], "nodeImage": "3ef9cd78-64d3-4079-9432-ce667b37b67f" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-10", "name": "Apollo 10", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1969, "Launch date": "1969-05-18", "Mass kg": 42775, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 10 was the full dress rehearsal for the first landing, flown by Thomas Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan on a Saturn V from Launch Complex 39B on 18 May 1969.\n\nNASA wanted every step short of touchdown tested with the real Lunar Module before committing Apollo 11, so Stafford and Cernan flew the module, Snoopy, to within 14.4 km of the surface while Young stayed in the command module Charlie Brown. The crew orbited the Moon 31 times, endured pogo oscillations at launch and a brief uncontrolled tumble of the ascent stage, and set the record for the fastest speed relative to Earth, about 11.08 km/s, before splashing down on 26 May. The results cleared the way for the Apollo 11 landing two months later.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10", "size": 5.88, "position": { "x": 139.4406, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["1f4e5e84-7f80-4dfc-ade7-e0ec83b83c31"], "nodeImage": "1f4e5e84-7f80-4dfc-ade7-e0ec83b83c31" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-11", "name": "Apollo 11", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1969, "Launch date": "1969-07-16", "Mass kg": 49735, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 11 made the first crewed landing on the Moon. Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin were launched on a Saturn V on 16 July 1969, and Armstrong and Aldrin brought the Lunar Module Eagle down in the Sea of Tranquility at 20:17 UTC on 20 July.\n\nThe flight fulfilled President Kennedy's 1961 goal and answered the Soviet lead in space. The two men spent about two and a half hours on the surface in a single moonwalk and collected 21.55 kg of samples, while Collins waited in orbit in the command module. The crew splashed down in the North Pacific on 24 July, and the mission became the first of six landings that carried twelve people to the Moon by 1972.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11", "size": 6, "position": { "x": 151.8406, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["c2e9bdfe-f1b2-460f-bdc8-1d7b93962c98"], "nodeImage": "c2e9bdfe-f1b2-460f-bdc8-1d7b93962c98" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-12", "name": "Apollo 12", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1969, "Launch date": "1969-11-14", "Mass kg": 49915, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 12 was the second crewed landing, flown by Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean and launched on a Saturn V on 14 November 1969, when lightning struck the rocket 36.5 and 52 seconds after liftoff.\n\nThe strikes knocked out telemetry, and Bean restored it by switching the signal conditioning to auxiliary power, so the flight continued. Conrad and Bean then made a precision landing in the Ocean of Storms on 19 November, about 163 m from the Surveyor 3 probe that had landed in 1967. On their second moonwalk they walked to Surveyor and removed parts, including its television camera, for study on Earth, and the crew splashed down on 24 November.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12", "size": 6, "position": { "x": 164.3406, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["c28c3ee9-e06d-431d-b402-cba6aecb9f63"], "nodeImage": "c28c3ee9-e06d-431d-b402-cba6aecb9f63" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-13", "name": "Apollo 13", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1970, "Launch date": "1970-04-11", "Mass kg": 44069, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 13 was meant to be the third landing but became the programme's rescue. Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise left on a Saturn V on 11 April 1970, and about 56 hours into the flight, on 13 April, an oxygen tank in the service module failed.\n\nWith the main spacecraft crippled, the crew used the Lunar Module as a lifeboat, aborted the landing and looped around the Moon on a free-return path, reaching 400,171 km from Earth at the far point. They splashed down safely in the South Pacific on 17 April. The accident and the budget cuts of that year ended with the cancellation of later Apollo flights.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13", "size": 5.93, "position": { "x": 176.7706, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["69d7de3e-1330-4894-ae19-c9cb605f039b"], "nodeImage": "69d7de3e-1330-4894-ae19-c9cb605f039b" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-14", "name": "Apollo 14", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1971, "Launch date": "1971-01-31", "Mass kg": 46305, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 14 put Apollo back on track after Apollo 13. Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa and Edgar Mitchell launched on a Saturn V on 31 January 1971, and Shepard and Mitchell landed on 5 February in the Fra Mauro formation, the first landing in the lunar highlands.\n\nThe crew overcame a docking failure and a faulty landing radar, then made two moonwalks totalling about 9 hours 22 minutes and collected 42.8 kg of samples, coming within about 20 m of Cone crater's rim. Shepard hit golf balls on the surface, and Roosa, orbiting alone for two days, carried tree seeds that later became Moon trees. The crew splashed down on 9 February.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14", "size": 6, "position": { "x": 189.2006, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["035eeb23-67b1-47e5-a174-041f480b39b7"], "nodeImage": "035eeb23-67b1-47e5-a174-041f480b39b7" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-15", "name": "Apollo 15", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1971, "Launch date": "1971-07-26", "Mass kg": 48599, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 15 was the first of the longer J-class science missions. David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin launched on a Saturn V on 26 July 1971, and Scott and Irwin landed on 30 July near Hadley Rille in the Apennine mountains.\n\nThey carried the first Lunar Roving Vehicle, which let them drive 27.9 km, and spent about 18.5 hours outside across several moonwalks. They collected about 77 kg of samples including the Genesis Rock, and Scott showed on live television that a hammer and a feather fall together. Worden made the first deep-space spacewalk on the way home; the crew splashed down on 7 August despite a parachute problem and was later reprimanded over unauthorised postal covers.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15", "size": 6, "position": { "x": 201.7006, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["099edec9-14b2-4c15-835e-9c2b6b8e032b"], "nodeImage": "099edec9-14b2-4c15-835e-9c2b6b8e032b" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-16", "name": "Apollo 16", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1972, "Launch date": "1972-04-16", "Mass kg": 52759, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 16, the fifth landing, took John Young, Ken Mattingly and Charles Duke to the Descartes Highlands. It launched on a Saturn V on 16 April 1972, and Young and Duke landed in the lunar highlands, which scientists expected to be volcanic.\n\nA main-engine problem delayed the landing, but the crew still made three moonwalks totalling 20 hours 14 minutes, drove the rover 26.7 km and collected 95.71 kg of samples including the large Big Muley rock. The samples showed the site was not volcanic, disproving the pre-mission hypothesis. The crew returned one day early and splashed down on 27 April.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16", "size": 6, "position": { "x": 219.2433, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["b63e0e94-5478-4734-ba5b-9436c90c52bc"], "nodeImage": "b63e0e94-5478-4734-ba5b-9436c90c52bc" }, { "ID": "CM-apollo-17", "name": "Apollo 17", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Apollo", "Launch vehicle": "Saturn V", "Year": 1972, "Launch date": "1972-12-07", "Mass kg": 48609, "Crew": 3 }, "description": "Apollo 17 was the sixth and last crewed lunar landing. Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and geologist Harrison Schmitt launched on a Saturn V on 7 December 1972, and Cernan and Schmitt landed in the Taurus-Littrow valley on 11 December.\n\nSchmitt was the only professional geologist to walk on the Moon, and the long surface stay with the rover was designed to maximise science. The cancellation of later Apollo missions in 1970 had already made this the final flight, so the crew's return on 19 December ended the era of lunar landings that would not be repeated until Artemis IV, planned for early 2028.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17", "size": 6, "position": { "x": 231.7433, "y": -96.77, "z": 0 }, "images": ["8fdee6d5-6e1c-4209-9768-083399c520d4"], "nodeImage": "8fdee6d5-6e1c-4209-9768-083399c520d4" }, { "ID": "CM-artemis-2", "name": "Artemis II", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Artemis", "Launch vehicle": "SLS", "Year": 2026, "Launch date": "2026-04-01", "Mass kg": 26520, "Crew": 4 }, "description": "Artemis II was the first crewed flight of the Artemis programme and the first crewed lunar mission since Apollo 17. Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Jeremy Hansen of the Canadian Space Agency lifted off on the Space Launch System from Launch Complex 39B at 22:35 UTC on 1 April 2026 after delays from a hydrogen leak and a helium flow issue.\n\nThey spent about 23.5 hours in high Earth orbit checking Orion's systems, fired toward the Moon on 2 April, and flew past the far side on 6 April on a free-return path at 6,545 km above the surface. At 406,771 km from Earth they surpassed Apollo 13's distance record. A steeper direct re-entry replaced the planned skip entry after heat shield erosion concerns carried over from Artemis I, and the crew splashed down off San Diego on 10 April local time (00:07 UTC on 11 April).\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II", "size": 5.16, "position": { "x": 440.2941, "y": -114.53, "z": 0 }, "images": ["17cae850-d7d5-484f-8ad2-5855c5d37b25"], "nodeImage": "17cae850-d7d5-484f-8ad2-5855c5d37b25" }, { "ID": "CM-artemis-3", "name": "Artemis III", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Planned", "Outcome": "Not yet flown", "Group": "Artemis", "Launch vehicle": "SLS", "Year": 2027, "Launch date": "2027-06-01", "Mass kg": 26520, "Crew": 4 }, "description": "Artemis III is the second crewed Artemis flight, targeted for no earlier than June 2027 as a docking test in low Earth orbit rather than a landing. The crew named on 9 June 2026 is Randy Bresnik, Luca Parmitano of ESA, Frank Rubio and Andre Douglas, with Robert Hines as backup; roles are not confirmed by NASA.\n\nOn 27 February 2026 NASA recast the mission, which had been planned as the first landing, so that it would test Orion rendezvous and docking with a Blue Origin Blue Moon test vehicle for about two days and a SpaceX Starship test article for about one day, and so that the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage could be saved for Artemis IV. The flight should last about two weeks and end with a Pacific splashdown off San Diego.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_III https://abc17news.com/cnn-other/2026/06/09/nasa-reveals-artemis-iii-crew-that-will-take-the-next-big-step-on-its-journey-back-to-the-moon/", "size": 5.16, "position": { "x": 453.9041, "y": -114.53, "z": 0 }, "images": ["65ad4f59-fc70-4552-a960-73d18f16477a"], "nodeImage": "65ad4f59-fc70-4552-a960-73d18f16477a" }, { "ID": "CM-artemis-4", "name": "Artemis IV", "type": "Crewed mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Planned", "Outcome": "Not yet flown", "Group": "Artemis", "Launch vehicle": "SLS", "Year": 2028, "Launch date": "2028-01-01", "Mass kg": 26520, "Crew": 4 }, "description": "Artemis IV is planned as the first crewed Moon landing since Apollo 17, targeted for early 2028, with two of four crew descending for moonwalks. It would also be the last Space Launch System flight to use the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage.\n\nThe mission moved from second to first landing in February 2026, when Artemis III became an Earth-orbit test, and the Gateway station it was meant to visit was cancelled in March 2026. The lander has not been chosen: SpaceX's Starship or Blue Origin's Blue Moon will be selected based on the docking tests of Artemis III and each company's readiness. The crew has not been named.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_IV", "size": 5.16, "position": { "x": 464.7241, "y": -114.53, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-luna-1", "name": "Luna 1", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Luna 8K72", "Year": 1959, "Launch date": "1959-01-02", "Mass kg": 361, "Duration days": 2.6 }, "description": "Luna 1 was the Soviet Union's first probe aimed at the Moon, launched from Baikonur on 2 January 1959 on a Luna 8K72 rocket to crash into the lunar surface. A delayed engine cutoff sent it past the Moon instead, at about 5,995 km on 4 January.\n\nThe miss became a first anyway: Luna 1 reached Earth's escape velocity, made the first direct measurements of the solar wind, released a sodium cloud that formed an artificial comet visible from Earth, and entered orbit around the Sun, earning the name Artificial Planet 1. Its batteries lasted 62 hours and contact ended on 5 January 1959.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1\nPicture: RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg (museum replica), Alexander Mokletsov (original); Craigboy (derivative), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_510848_Interplanetary_station_Luna_1_-_blacked.jpg", "size": 2.81, "position": { "x": 18.4164, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "images": ["845dc12f-d093-47f2-83e1-14106295b151"], "nodeImage": "845dc12f-d093-47f2-83e1-14106295b151" }, { "ID": "FM-luna-2", "name": "Luna 2", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Luna 8K72", "Year": 1959, "Launch date": "1959-09-12", "Mass kg": 390, "Duration days": 1.6 }, "description": "Luna 2 was the Soviet probe that repeated Luna 1's aim and hit. It launched from Baikonur on 12 September 1959 on a Luna 8K72 rocket and struck the Moon east of Mare Imbrium near the craters Archimedes and Autolycus at 21:02 UTC on 13 September.\n\nBefore impact the craft released a sodium vapour cloud about 650 km wide so observatories could watch it approach, and detonated two sphere-shaped pennants bearing Soviet markings. It found no lunar radiation belt or magnetic field and measured the solar wind outside Earth's magnetosphere. Luna 2 was the first human-made object to reach another celestial body, and Khrushchev later gave Eisenhower a replica of the pennants.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_2", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 24.5464, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-luna-3", "name": "Luna 3", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Luna 8K72", "Year": 1959, "Launch date": "1959-10-04", "Mass kg": 279, "Duration days": 18 }, "description": "Luna 3 was the Soviet probe that showed humanity the far side of the Moon. Launched on 4 October 1959 on a Luna 8K72, it passed within 6,200 km of the Moon on 6 October and used a gravity assist to swing back toward Earth.\n\nOn 7 October it took 29 pictures covering about 70 percent of the far side from 63,500 to 66,700 km away, of which about 17 reached Earth. They showed mountainous terrain with few dark maria, unlike the near side. Contact was lost on 22 October 1959.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_3\nPicture: Луна-3 (14562265547).jpg (museum replica), Museum of Cosmonautics, Russia, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-3_(14562265547).jpg", "size": 2.77, "position": { "x": 30.6364, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "images": ["33bb65c0-5645-4df4-b9a7-db4742fbd65c"], "nodeImage": "33bb65c0-5645-4df4-b9a7-db4742fbd65c" }, { "ID": "FM-pioneer-4", "name": "Pioneer 4", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Juno II", "Year": 1959, "Launch date": "1959-03-03", "Mass kg": 6, "Duration days": 3.4 }, "description": "Pioneer 4 was NASA's only partly successful early lunar probe. It launched on a Juno II rocket from Cape Canaveral on 3 March 1959 with the aim of a lunar flyby, and it passed the Moon at 58,983 km on 4 March.\n\nThe probe became the first US spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity and entered orbit around the Sun. It sent radiation data for 82.5 hours, out to about 658,000 km, before its batteries ran down. After a string of failures it gave the United States its first deep-space success, in the same year that Luna 1, 2 and 3 flew.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_4\nPicture: Pioneer IV flight spare 01.jpg (flight spare), Smithsonian, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pioneer_IV_flight_spare_01.jpg", "size": 2.54, "position": { "x": 19.4021, "y": -48.67, "z": 0 }, "images": ["f0578c16-6747-4d73-aaa2-41dfe302e934"], "nodeImage": "f0578c16-6747-4d73-aaa2-41dfe302e934" }, { "ID": "FM-ranger-7", "name": "Ranger 7", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1964, "Launch date": "1964-07-28", "Mass kg": 366, "Duration days": 2.9 }, "description": "Ranger 7 was NASA's first fully successful Ranger flight after six failures. Ranger 6 had failed when its cameras switched on early because of an electrical short, so engineers traced the cause to propellant venting and exhaust ignition near the payload umbilical, fixed it and tested at full power on the pad before Ranger 7 left on 28 July 1964 on an Atlas-Agena B.\n\nOn 31 July 1964 it impacted between Mare Nubium and Oceanus Procellarum after about 68.6 hours, sending back 4,308 pictures in the last 17 minutes of flight. They were the first close-up images of the Moon sent to Earth and gave NASA a turnaround after years of failures.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_7\nPicture: The Ranger Spacecraft GPN-2000-001979.jpg (Ranger Block III design), NASA-HQ-GRIN, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ranger_Spacecraft_GPN-2000-001979.jpg", "size": 2.81, "position": { "x": 49.7703, "y": -55.52, "z": 0 }, "images": ["1805c583-b871-47b8-98b5-2883f16e702a"], "nodeImage": "1805c583-b871-47b8-98b5-2883f16e702a" }, { "ID": "FM-ranger-8", "name": "Ranger 8", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1965, "Launch date": "1965-02-17", "Mass kg": 367, "Duration days": 2.7 }, "description": "Ranger 8 was the second successful Ranger impactor, launched on an Atlas-Agena B on 17 February 1965 to repeat Ranger 7's approach over a different region of the Moon, closer to the sites Apollo might use.\n\nIt returned 7,137 pictures from six television cameras and crashed into Mare Tranquillitatis on 20 February 1965, about 70 km from where Apollo 11 later landed. The last image before impact had a resolution of 1.5 m, and the images helped select Apollo sites; Lunar Orbiter 4 later photographed the 13.5 m impact crater.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_8", "size": 2.81, "position": { "x": 55.8903, "y": -55.52, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-ranger-9", "name": "Ranger 9", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1965, "Launch date": "1965-03-21", "Mass kg": 367, "Duration days": 2.7 }, "description": "Ranger 9 was the last of the Ranger series, launched on an Atlas-Agena B on 21 March 1965 and aimed at the 90 km crater Alphonsus.\n\nOn 24 March 1965 it hit Alphonsus after about 64.5 hours, and for the final minutes the pictures from its six cameras were shown live on US television, with about 5,814 photos transmitted in the last 19 minutes down to a resolution of about 0.3 m. The live broadcast made lunar exploration visible to the public, and the programme ended with Rangers 7, 8 and 9 all successful.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_9", "size": 2.81, "position": { "x": 62.0103, "y": -55.52, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-zond-3", "name": "Zond 3", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Molniya", "Year": 1965, "Launch date": "1965-07-18", "Mass kg": 950, "Duration days": 228 }, "description": "Zond 3 was a Soviet probe that photographed the Moon's far side a second time, six years after Luna 3. It launched on a Molniya on 18 July 1965, flew past the Moon at 9,219 km on 20 July and took 25 visible-light photographs and three ultraviolet spectra.\n\nThe pictures were transmitted from deep space on a path toward the orbit of Mars, which let controllers test telemetry and systems over long distances. Contact was lost on 3 March 1966. The flight also served the later Zond tests for a crewed lunar trip.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_3\nPicture: Zond 3 Space Probe 02.jpg (museum replica), Stolbovsky, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zond_3_Space_Probe_02.jpg", "size": 3, "position": { "x": 63.9651, "y": -39.93, "z": 0 }, "images": ["b86ea860-2b7d-4b15-b973-d71ac2bbffd7"], "nodeImage": "b86ea860-2b7d-4b15-b973-d71ac2bbffd7" }, { "ID": "FM-zond-5", "name": "Zond 5", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1968, "Launch date": "1968-09-14", "Mass kg": 5375, "Duration days": 6.8 }, "description": "Zond 5 was the Soviet test of a crewed lunar flyby spacecraft and the first spacecraft to circle the Moon and return to Earth. It launched on a Proton-K on 14 September 1968 UTC, passed the Moon at 1,950 km on 18 September and came back.\n\nThe craft carried two Russian tortoises, fruit fly eggs, plants, algae and bacteria, a payload chosen to check how living things survive a lunar round trip. It splashed down in the Indian Ocean on 21 September 1968, not in the planned Kazakhstan zone, and was recovered by Soviet ships. It showed the Soviets could send a living cargo around the Moon three months before Apollo 8 sent a crew.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_5\nPicture: ZOND.jpg (illustration of the Zond craft), Ebs08, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZOND.jpg", "size": 3.7, "position": { "x": 118.5671, "y": -39.93, "z": 0 }, "images": ["938063a8-8bb4-4cd1-a608-db2ef616bca9"], "nodeImage": "938063a8-8bb4-4cd1-a608-db2ef616bca9" }, { "ID": "FM-zond-6", "name": "Zond 6", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1968, "Launch date": "1968-11-10", "Mass kg": 5375, "Duration days": 6.8 }, "description": "Zond 6 was the second Soviet circumlunar flight with Earth life aboard, launched on a Proton-K on 10 November 1968 with turtles, flies and bacteria plus cosmic ray and micrometeoroid detectors and photographic equipment.\n\nIt passed the Moon at about 2,420 km on 14 November but failed on the way home: rotating the craft to warm its propellant tanks damaged the re-entry cabin door seal, the cabin lost pressure a few hours before re-entry and killed the animals, and the parachutes detached high up because of a corona discharge, so the capsule crash-landed near Tyuratam on 17 November. The failures showed the 7K-L1 craft was not ready for cosmonauts.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_6", "size": 3.7, "position": { "x": 126.4671, "y": -39.93, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-zond-7", "name": "Zond 7", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1969, "Launch date": "1969-08-07", "Mass kg": 5375, "Duration days": 6.9 }, "description": "Zond 7 was the first Soviet circumlunar flight to complete every phase. It launched on a Proton-K on 7 August 1969, less than three weeks after Apollo 11's landing, passed the Moon at about 1,985 km on 11 August and carried four turtles.\n\nIt took colour photographs of Earth and the Moon, including two picture sessions during the flyby, and made a soft landing near Kustanai in Kazakhstan on 14 August 1969. Coming too late to beat Apollo, it showed that the Soviet crewed-flyby hardware worked but that the race had been lost.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_7", "size": 3.7, "position": { "x": 152.202, "y": -39.93, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-zond-8", "name": "Zond 8", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1970, "Launch date": "1970-10-20", "Mass kg": 5375, "Duration days": 6.8 }, "description": "Zond 8 was the last of the Zond circumlunar tests. It launched on a Proton-K on 20 October 1970, passed the Moon at about 1,110 km on 24 October and returned to Earth by an Indian Ocean splashdown about 730 km southeast of the Chagos Islands on 27 October.\n\nBy then the Soviet crewed lunar landing effort had effectively failed with the N1 rocket, so the flight closed the series without a crew. The programme left the Luna robotic missions, such as the Luna 17 rover launched weeks later, as the Soviet Union's remaining way to explore the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_8", "size": 3.7, "position": { "x": 179.9246, "y": -39.93, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "FM-lcross", "name": "LCROSS", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas V", "Year": 2009, "Launch date": "2009-06-18", "Mass kg": 621, "Duration days": 113 }, "description": "The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite was a low-cost NASA companion to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, built by Northrop Grumman and managed by NASA Ames, launched on the same Atlas V on 18 June 2009. Its job was to hit a permanently shadowed crater and look at what the impact threw up.\n\nOn 9 October 2009 the spent Centaur upper stage struck Cabeus crater near the south pole at about 11:31 UTC, and the shepherding spacecraft flew through the plume and hit about six minutes later. The plume was not visible from Earth, but instruments detected water, and NASA announced the result on 13 November 2009; a later analysis estimated about 5.6 percent water by mass.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCROSS\nPicture: LCROSS Centaur 1.jpg (artist's render), NASA, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LCROSS_Centaur_1.jpg", "size": 2.91, "position": { "x": 335.1585, "y": -77.44, "z": 0 }, "images": ["f6140974-9cb0-4df2-82f6-83ed242ad1f9"], "nodeImage": "f6140974-9cb0-4df2-82f6-83ed242ad1f9" }, { "ID": "FM-artemis-1", "name": "Artemis I", "type": "Flyby or impact mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Artemis", "Launch vehicle": "SLS", "Year": 2022, "Launch date": "2022-11-16", "Mass kg": 26520, "Duration days": 25.4 }, "description": "Artemis I was the uncrewed first flight of the Space Launch System and Orion, launched from Launch Complex 39B at 06:47 UTC on 16 November 2022 after scrubs in August and September and storm delays from Tropical Storm Ian and Hurricane Nicole.\n\nOrion made two lunar flybys on 21 November and 5 December, spent six days in a distant retrograde orbit, and on 28 November reached 432,210 km from Earth, farther than any spacecraft built for humans had flown. Its European Service Module, built by Airbus, powered the capsule, and several of the ten CubeSats failed. Orion splashed down off Baja California on 11 December 2022, and the test made the crewed Artemis II flight possible.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_I", "size": 5.16, "position": { "x": 406.3596, "y": -114.53, "z": 0 }, "images": ["6ced98ae-b017-4aee-8721-48ca4276ad1b"], "nodeImage": "6ced98ae-b017-4aee-8721-48ca4276ad1b" }, { "ID": "OM-luna-10", "name": "Luna 10", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Molniya-M", "Year": 1966, "Launch date": "1966-03-31", "Mass kg": 1584, "Duration days": 60 }, "description": "Luna 10 was the first artificial satellite of the Moon. The Soviet Union launched it on a Molniya-M on 31 March 1966 and put it into lunar orbit on 3 April, in time to play The Internationale for the 23rd Party Congress.\n\nIt completed 460 lunar orbits and 219 data transmissions before radio contact ended on 30 May 1966. Its gamma-ray spectrometer detected uranium, thorium and potassium-40 in the surface, and its orbit gave the first evidence of mascons, dense mass concentrations under the Moon's surface. The result followed the soft landing of Luna 9 two months earlier.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_10", "size": 3.15, "position": { "x": 74.0013, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-luna-19", "name": "Luna 19", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1971, "Launch date": "1971-09-28", "Mass kg": 5600, "Duration days": 400 }, "description": "Luna 19 was an advanced Soviet lunar orbiter built by Lavochkin and launched on a Proton-K on 28 September 1971, a few weeks after the Luna 18 landing attempt failed.\n\nIt entered orbit on 2 October at about 140 km altitude and mapped mountainous terrain at 30 to 60 degrees south, studied the gravity field and mascons, and measured the radiation environment and the solar wind. Contact was lost on 1 November 1972 after about a year and more than 4,000 orbits, extending the orbital data collected by Luna 10.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_19", "size": 3.72, "position": { "x": 210.2748, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-luna-22", "name": "Luna 22", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1974, "Launch date": "1974-05-29", "Mass kg": 5700, "Duration days": 522 }, "description": "Luna 22 was the second of the two advanced Soviet lunar orbiters, built on the Ye-8-LS bus by Lavochkin and launched on a Proton-K on 29 May 1974, after Luna 19.\n\nIt entered orbit on 2 June 1974 at about 219 to 222 km altitude and carried instruments for magnetic field, gamma rays, surface composition, gravity, micrometeorites and cosmic rays, plus imaging. The perilune was lowered to as little as 25 km during the mission, which ran for about 18 months and about 3,875 orbits until early November 1975.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_22", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 240.5811, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-lunar-orbiter-1", "name": "Lunar Orbiter 1", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1966, "Launch date": "1966-08-10", "Mass kg": 387, "Duration days": 80 }, "description": "Lunar Orbiter 1 was the first of five NASA orbiters sent to photograph candidate Apollo landing sites. It launched on an Atlas-Agena D on 10 August 1966, entered lunar orbit, and photographed several of the sites chosen for Apollo and Surveyor.\n\nOn 23 August 1966 it took the first image of Earth from lunar orbit. After 577 orbits it was commanded to crash on the far side on 29 October 1966 so that it would not interfere with later orbiters, and its film and the picture quality set the pattern for the next four flights.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program\nPicture: NASM-A19700318000-NASM2018-00097.jpg (engineering mock-up), National Air and Space Museum, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NASM-A19700318000-NASM2018-00097.jpg", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 76.1697, "y": -62.65, "z": 0 }, "images": ["43a0479b-0bf2-4b7b-b473-dd24c0a6ee83"], "nodeImage": "43a0479b-0bf2-4b7b-b473-dd24c0a6ee83" }, { "ID": "OM-lunar-orbiter-2", "name": "Lunar Orbiter 2", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1966, "Launch date": "1966-11-06", "Mass kg": 386, "Duration days": 339 }, "description": "Lunar Orbiter 2 was the second NASA photographic orbiter, launched on an Atlas-Agena D on 6 November 1966 to survey smooth areas that might serve as safe landing sites for Surveyor and Apollo.\n\nOn 23 November it took an oblique image of the crater Copernicus from an altitude of 45 km that the news media called one of the great pictures of the century. The orbiter was tracked until it was commanded to crash on 11 October 1967.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 82.3097, "y": -62.65, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-lunar-orbiter-3", "name": "Lunar Orbiter 3", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1967, "Launch date": "1967-02-05", "Mass kg": 386, "Duration days": 246 }, "description": "Lunar Orbiter 3 was launched on an Atlas-Agena on 5 February 1967 to photograph areas to confirm safe landing sites for Surveyor and Apollo, with resolution down to about 1 metre.\n\nIt returned 149 medium- and 477 high-resolution frames, including one showing the Surveyor 1 landing site, which let investigators find the lander on the surface, and it photographed the future Apollo 14 site and Cone crater. A film advance motor failure on 4 March left about a quarter of the frames unreadable, and the orbiter was deorbited on command on 9 October 1967.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 88.4497, "y": -62.65, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-lunar-orbiter-4", "name": "Lunar Orbiter 4", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1967, "Launch date": "1967-05-04", "Mass kg": 386, "Duration days": 180 }, "description": "Lunar Orbiter 4 moved the programme from site selection to mapping. It launched on an Atlas-Agena on 4 May 1967 and entered an elliptical near-polar orbit with 85.5 degrees inclination.\n\nIts 419 high- and 127 medium-resolution frames covered 99 percent of the near side at 58 to 134 m resolution, because the first three orbiters had already finished the Apollo site photography. Problems with a thermal door and readout drive ended photography on 26 May 1967, and the craft struck the Moon no later than 31 October 1967.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 94.5897, "y": -62.65, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-lunar-orbiter-5", "name": "Lunar Orbiter 5", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Agena", "Year": 1967, "Launch date": "1967-08-01", "Mass kg": 386, "Duration days": 183 }, "description": "Lunar Orbiter 5 was the last of the series, launched on an Atlas-Agena D on 1 August 1967, to photograph the unmapped parts of the far side and give extra coverage of Apollo and Surveyor sites.\n\nIt returned 633 high- and 211 medium-resolution frames, including the future Apollo 11 landing site and features such as Rimae Sulpicius Gallus, Gassendi and Aristarchus. With the other four orbiters it brought total photographic coverage to 99 percent. After 1,380 orbits it was crashed deliberately on 31 January 1968.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 100.7297, "y": -62.65, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-hiten", "name": "Hiten", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "Mu-3S-II", "Year": 1990, "Launch date": "1990-01-24", "Mass kg": 197, "Duration days": 1172 }, "description": "Hiten was Japan's first lunar probe and the first robotic lunar mission since Luna 24 in 1976, making Japan the third country to send a spacecraft to the Moon after the Soviet Union and the United States. It launched on a Mu-3S-II rocket from Uchinoura on 24 January 1990.\n\nIt released a small orbiter, Hagoromo, whose transmitter failed. On 19 March 1991 Hiten used atmospheric drag at an Earth flyby, the first aerobraking by a deep-space probe, and in October 1991 it was captured by the Moon using a low-energy trajectory. It entered permanent lunar orbit on 15 February 1993 and was crashed on the near side on 10 April 1993, proving the methods that later missions used.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)", "size": 2.73, "position": { "x": 273.8961, "y": -149.17, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-clementine", "name": "Clementine", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Titan II", "Year": 1994, "Launch date": "1994-01-25", "Mass kg": 424, "Duration days": 115 }, "description": "Clementine was a joint mission of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization and NASA, built by the Naval Research Laboratory and launched on a Titan II from Vandenberg on 25 January 1994. It tested lightweight sensors and components and was meant to observe the Moon and then asteroid 1620 Geographos.\n\nIn about two months of lunar mapping it collected multispectral images, laser altimetry, gravity and charged-particle data from 60 degrees south to 60 degrees north. Radio reflections from the polar regions suggested possible water ice, though later Arecibo studies disputed the interpretation. On 7 May 1994 a stuck thruster fired for 11 minutes, used up the fuel and spun the craft at about 80 rpm, which ended the asteroid flyby.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)", "size": 2.84, "position": { "x": 284.3977, "y": -77.44, "z": 0 }, "images": ["b7e879a4-5714-4a3e-abcf-11ce9d31282d"], "nodeImage": "b7e879a4-5714-4a3e-abcf-11ce9d31282d" }, { "ID": "OM-lunar-prospector", "name": "Lunar Prospector", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Athena II", "Year": 1998, "Launch date": "1998-01-07", "Mass kg": 296, "Duration days": 570 }, "description": "Lunar Prospector was the third mission NASA selected for full development in its Discovery Program of low-cost science missions. It launched on an Athena II from Cape Canaveral on 7 January 1998 and orbited the Moon in a polar orbit.\n\nIts neutron spectrometer found enhanced hydrogen at both poles, which could mean water ice in shadowed craters, with an estimate of about 3 billion tonnes. At the end of the mission it was crashed into Shoemaker crater near the south pole on 31 July 1999 to try to raise a detectable water plume, which produced no signal, leaving the question open until LCROSS in 2009.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Prospector", "size": 2.78, "position": { "x": 300.841, "y": -77.44, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-smart-1", "name": "SMART-1", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "Europe", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "Ariane 5", "Year": 2003, "Launch date": "2003-09-27", "Mass kg": 367, "Duration days": 1072 }, "description": "SMART-1 was the European Space Agency's first Moon orbiter, a small technology mission launched on an Ariane 5G from Kourou on 27 September 2003. It used a solar-powered ion thruster running on xenon, more than three times as efficient as chemical rockets, to travel to the Moon.\n\nThe spacecraft spiralled outward for about 13 months and was captured by lunar gravity on 15 November 2004. It operated until ESA crashed it deliberately on 3 September 2006, having proved that electric propulsion could take a spacecraft to the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART-1\nPicture: Artist's impression of the SMART-1 mission ESA199399.jpg (artist's render), European Space Agency, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_the_SMART-1_mission_ESA199399.jpg", "size": 2.81, "position": { "x": 312.3726, "y": -156.88, "z": 0 }, "images": ["d59fa78a-7347-490d-bbe8-1a93d788fc85"], "nodeImage": "d59fa78a-7347-490d-bbe8-1a93d788fc85" }, { "ID": "OM-kaguya", "name": "Kaguya", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "H-IIA", "Year": 2007, "Launch date": "2007-09-14", "Mass kg": 3020, "Duration days": 635 }, "description": "Kaguya, also called SELENE, was Japan's large lunar orbiter, launched by JAXA on an H-IIA from Tanegashima on 14 September 2007. It carried a main orbiter of 2,914 kg and two small satellites, one of which, Okina, relayed signals so the far-side gravity field could be measured.\n\nIt took high-definition video and stills, including the first optical image of Earth from about 11,000 km, produced over 1.3 terabytes of data, and mapped the surface and gravity field for nearly two years. The orbiter was crashed on purpose near the crater Gill on 10 June 2009; its maps later guided Japan's SLIM navigation.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELENE", "size": 3.4, "position": { "x": 324.5959, "y": -149.17, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-chang-e-1", "name": "Chang'e 1", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 3A", "Year": 2007, "Launch date": "2007-10-24", "Mass kg": 2350, "Duration days": 494 }, "description": "Chang'e 1 was China's first lunar probe, launched on a Long March 3A from Xichang on 24 October 2007 as the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. It entered lunar orbit on 5 November 2007.\n\nIts 24 instruments, including a stereo camera and a laser altimeter, produced a map of the whole lunar surface released in November 2008 and returned about 175 GB of data. It was designed to work for a year and was extended, then China crashed it on purpose on 1 March 2009. The orbiter gave China the base for the lander phase that followed.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_1", "size": 3.29, "position": { "x": 325.2529, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-chang-e-2", "name": "Chang'e 2", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 3C", "Year": 2010, "Launch date": "2010-10-01", "Mass kg": 2480, "Duration days": 1461 }, "description": "Chang'e 2 was the second Chinese lunar orbiter, launched on a Long March 3C from Xichang on 1 October 2010 to test technology and map the Moon at higher resolution before the landing phase.\n\nIt published surface images with up to 1.3 m resolution in November 2010. After its lunar work it left for the Earth-Sun L2 point, reached on 25 August 2011, the first object to get there directly from lunar orbit, and then flew past asteroid 4179 Toutatis within about 3.2 km on 13 December 2012. Contact was lost in 2014, about four years after launch, as its signal weakened with distance.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_2\nPicture: Chang'e-2 mockup at BASM.jpg (mock-up), Shujianyang, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chang%27e-2_mockup_at_BASM.jpg", "size": 3.31, "position": { "x": 342.8792, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 }, "images": ["9d93636e-910b-418b-b759-61bf60f84395"], "nodeImage": "9d93636e-910b-418b-b759-61bf60f84395" }, { "ID": "OM-chang-e-5-t1", "name": "Chang'e 5-T1", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 3C", "Year": 2014, "Launch date": "2014-10-23", "Mass kg": 3300, "Duration days": 8 }, "description": "Chang'e 5-T1 was a re-entry test flight for China's sample-return mission, launched on a Long March 3C from Xichang on 23 October 2014. It flew a lunar loop and returned a capsule called Xiaofei to Earth.\n\nThe capsule tested the atmospheric re-entry and a high-speed skip re-entry planned for Chang'e 5, and landed in Inner Mongolia on 31 October 2014. The service module entered lunar orbit on 13 January 2015 and worked until late 2020, and the flight also carried a 14 kg German-built secondary payload. The test removed a key risk before the 2020 return mission.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1", "size": 3.44, "position": { "x": 366.6623, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-queqiao", "name": "Queqiao", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Active", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 4C", "Year": 2018, "Launch date": "2018-05-20", "Mass kg": 449, "Duration days": 3073 }, "description": "Queqiao is a Chinese relay satellite launched on a Long March 4C from Xichang on 20 May 2018 to let Earth talk to a lander on the Moon's far side, which never faces Earth. It reached a halo orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point on 14 June 2018.\n\nBuilt on the CAST100 bus with a 4.2 m antenna, it was the first relay satellite at this location and also carried a low-frequency radio astronomy experiment. Planned for five years, it is still working after about eight years, and it relayed data for Chang'e 4, making the 2019 far-side landing possible.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite", "size": 2.85, "position": { "x": 376.9061, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-chandrayaan-1", "name": "Chandrayaan-1", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "PSLV", "Year": 2008, "Launch date": "2008-10-22", "Mass kg": 1380, "Duration days": 312 }, "description": "Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe, launched on a PSLV-XL from Sriharikota on 22 October 2008 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, with instruments from several countries including NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper.\n\nIts Moon Impact Probe struck near Shackleton crater at the south pole on 14 November 2008, and NASA's mapper detected water and hydroxyl across large parts of the surface, reported in Science on 24 September 2009. The orbiter lost contact on 28 August 2009 after 312 days, shorter than planned, but its water results changed how scientists viewed the Moon and led to the later Chandrayaan missions.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1\nPicture: CY1 2007 (cropped).jpg (concept render), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, GODL-India, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CY1_2007_(cropped).jpg", "size": 3.11, "position": { "x": 331.2324, "y": -164.71, "z": 0 }, "images": ["5d3dcd10-5bdd-4008-bb32-8126d5ff240d"], "nodeImage": "5d3dcd10-5bdd-4008-bb32-8126d5ff240d" }, { "ID": "OM-lro", "name": "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Active", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas V", "Year": 2009, "Launch date": "2009-06-18", "Mass kg": 1916, "Duration days": 6331 }, "description": "The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is NASA's long-lived surveyor of the Moon, launched on an Atlas V 401 from Cape Canaveral on 18 June 2009 together with LCROSS. It maps the surface to choose landing sites for future robotic and crewed missions.\n\nIts camera images the Apollo landing sites at about 0.5 m per pixel, and it found the wreck of India's Vikram lander in 2019 and the crash sites of other landers. It is still orbiting the Moon in 2026, with enough fuel to operate until 2027.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter\nPicture: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 001.jpg (artist's render), NASA, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_001.jpg", "size": 3.21, "position": { "x": 335.1585, "y": -85.06, "z": 0 }, "images": ["9723b460-68d9-4307-b31a-63eb677bb23e"], "nodeImage": "9723b460-68d9-4307-b31a-63eb677bb23e" }, { "ID": "OM-grail", "name": "GRAIL", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Delta II", "Year": 2011, "Launch date": "2011-09-10", "Mass kg": 405, "Duration days": 464 }, "description": "The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory was a pair of NASA probes, Ebb and Flow, launched together on a Delta II 7920H on 10 September 2011. They flew in formation around the Moon so that changes in the distance between them revealed variations in the gravity field.\n\nNASA released a lunar gravity map from the data on 5 December 2012, giving the most detailed view of the Moon's interior structure to that date. Both probes were crashed into a mountain between the craters Philolaus and Mouchez on 17 December 2012, ending a mission that cost little compared with earlier gravity efforts.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAIL\nPicture: GRAIL.jpg (artist's render), NASA, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GRAIL.jpg", "size": 2.83, "position": { "x": 348.5301, "y": -77.44, "z": 0 }, "images": ["ecf81ba6-8844-4b65-b803-eb3bfe6cc7cd"], "nodeImage": "ecf81ba6-8844-4b65-b803-eb3bfe6cc7cd" }, { "ID": "OM-ladee", "name": "LADEE", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Minotaur V", "Year": 2013, "Launch date": "2013-09-07", "Mass kg": 383, "Duration days": 223 }, "description": "The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer was a NASA orbiter launched on a Minotaur V from Wallops on 7 September 2013 to study the Moon's thin exosphere and the dust near the surface, using a dust detector, a neutral mass spectrometer and an ultraviolet spectrometer.\n\nIt also carried a laser-communication demonstration that on 18 October 2013 sent data over 385,000 km at a record 622 Mbit per second. NASA crashed the spacecraft deliberately on the far side near Sundman V crater on 18 April 2014, after it had measured how the exosphere changes with the lunar day.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADEE", "size": 2.82, "position": { "x": 357.826, "y": -77.44, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "OM-danuri", "name": "Danuri", "type": "Orbiter mission", "properties": { "Country": "South Korea", "Status": "Active", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2022, "Launch date": "2022-08-04", "Mass kg": 678, "Duration days": 1536 }, "description": "Danuri, the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter, is South Korea's first lunar mission, operated by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute. It launched on a Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral on 4 August 2022 and entered lunar orbit in December 2022.\n\nIt carries about 40 kg of instruments and serves as a technology demonstrator that surveys resources such as water ice and makes topographic maps for future landing sites. It includes NASA's ShadowCam, an instrument about 200 times more sensitive than the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's camera, built to image permanently shadowed regions, and it is listed as active in October 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuri", "size": 2.92, "position": { "x": 404.6511, "y": -180.19, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-9", "name": "Luna 9", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Molniya-M", "Year": 1966, "Launch date": "1966-01-31", "Mass kg": 1584, "Duration days": 6 }, "description": "Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon. It launched on a Molniya-M from Baikonur on 31 January 1966 and landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 3 February at 18:45 UTC, using an airbag-style landing bag after a contact sensor shut off the engine.\n\nThe 99 kg lander sent nine images, including five panoramas, which showed that the surface could support a spacecraft. British astronomers at Jodrell Bank noticed that the signal was in the standard Radiofax format, and the Daily Express brought in a receiver to decode and publish the pictures before the Soviets released them. Contact ended on 6 February 1966.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_9\nPicture: Luna 9 Musee du Bourget P1010505.JPG (mock-up), Pline, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luna_9_Musee_du_Bourget_P1010505.JPG", "size": 3.15, "position": { "x": 67.2013, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "images": ["a378b822-1c37-4d5d-9263-a87b2577d52a"], "nodeImage": "a378b822-1c37-4d5d-9263-a87b2577d52a" }, { "ID": "LM-luna-13", "name": "Luna 13", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Molniya-M", "Year": 1966, "Launch date": "1966-12-21", "Mass kg": 1620, "Duration days": 6.8 }, "description": "Luna 13 was the second Soviet soft lander, launched on a Molniya-M on 21 December 1966 and landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 24 December. It was built to test the lunar soil that Luna 9 had only photographed.\n\nIts accelerometer recorded impact forces to infer soil structure to roughly 20 to 30 cm, and a boom-mounted penetrometer, driven in by a small explosive charge, measured the resistance of the regolith, suggesting a density of about 800 kg per cubic metre. The batteries ran out on 28 December 1966.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_13", "size": 3.16, "position": { "x": 83.0489, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-15", "name": "Luna 15", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1969, "Launch date": "1969-07-13", "Mass kg": 5667, "Duration days": 8.5 }, "description": "Luna 15 was the Soviet attempt to bring back lunar soil before Apollo 11 did. It launched on a Proton-K with a Blok D stage from Baikonur on 13 July 1969, three days before the Apollo crew left Florida.\n\nIt entered lunar orbit and attempted to land in Mare Crisium on 21 July 1969, when Armstrong and Aldrin were on the surface, but it crashed, probably after hitting the side of a mountain. A British astronomer at Jodrell Bank tracked the descent and called it drama of the highest order. The failure left the first Moon samples to Apollo; the Soviets returned robotic samples only with Luna 16 in 1970.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 140.3605, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-16", "name": "Luna 16", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1970, "Launch date": "1970-09-12", "Mass kg": 5725, "Duration days": 11.7 }, "description": "Luna 16 was the first robotic spacecraft to return a sample from another world. It launched on a Proton-K on 12 September 1970, a year after Luna 15 had crashed on a similar attempt, and landed in Mare Fecunditatis on 20 September.\n\nIts drill took 101 g of soil, an ascent stage lifted the capsule off the Moon, and the capsule came down about 80 km southeast of Jezkazgan in Kazakhstan on 24 September 1970. The mission showed the Soviets could study the Moon without a crew after losing the crewed race, and it was repeated by Luna 20 and Luna 24.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_16\nPicture: Luna 16.jpg (museum model), Bembmv, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luna_16.jpg", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 179.3004, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "images": ["c75deaef-a05c-43a2-b48c-b7c1b6ec63b3"], "nodeImage": "c75deaef-a05c-43a2-b48c-b7c1b6ec63b3" }, { "ID": "LM-luna-17", "name": "Luna 17", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1970, "Launch date": "1970-11-10", "Mass kg": 5700, "Duration days": 328 }, "description": "Luna 17 carried the first remote-controlled rover to another world. It launched on a Proton-K on 10 November 1970 and landed in Mare Imbrium on 17 November, and Lunokhod 1, a roughly 756 kg wheeled vehicle, rolled onto the surface that morning.\n\nLunokhod 1 drove about 10.54 km over 322 Earth days, returned more than 20,000 television images and 206 high-resolution panoramas, and had its last communications session on 14 September 1971; operations were declared over on 4 October. It gave the Soviets a robotic answer to the Apollo landings.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_17", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 187.2604, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "images": ["b1a24779-c657-47df-8cd0-c5ad8614f4a2"], "nodeImage": "b1a24779-c657-47df-8cd0-c5ad8614f4a2" }, { "ID": "LM-luna-18", "name": "Luna 18", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1971, "Launch date": "1971-09-02", "Mass kg": 5725, "Duration days": 9 }, "description": "Luna 18 was a Soviet sample-return attempt launched on a Proton-K on 2 September 1971, a year after Luna 16, aimed at the rough highland terrain on the edge of Mare Fecunditatis.\n\nThe lander failed during descent and hit rugged mountainous terrain on 11 September 1971, losing contact at impact. The Soviets said only that landing in such complex mountain conditions had proved unfavourable, and Luna 20 later returned samples from a nearby highland area.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_18", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 202.3248, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-20", "name": "Luna 20", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1972, "Launch date": "1972-02-14", "Mass kg": 5725, "Duration days": 11.7 }, "description": "Luna 20 was the second successful Soviet robotic sample return, launched on a Proton-K on 14 February 1972 and landed in the Apollonius highlands near Mare Fecunditatis on 21 February.\n\nThe lander drilled a sample of about 55 g, the ascent stage left the Moon on 22 February and the capsule landed north of Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan on 25 February. It brought back highland material, a different terrain from the maria sampled by Luna 16, two months before Apollo 16 launched its own highland mission.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_20", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 218.2248, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-21", "name": "Luna 21", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1973, "Launch date": "1973-01-08", "Mass kg": 5700, "Duration days": 146 }, "description": "Luna 21 delivered the second Soviet rover, Lunokhod 2. It launched on a Proton-K on 8 January 1973 and landed on 15 January in Le Monnier crater at the edge of Mare Serenitatis.\n\nLunokhod 2 drove 42 km. On 9 May 1973 it rolled into a crater and dust covered its solar panels and radiators, and rescue attempts failed; the Soviet news agency announced the end of the mission on 3 June 1973. It was the last rover the Soviet Union sent to the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_21", "size": 3.73, "position": { "x": 232.269, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-23", "name": "Luna 23", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1974, "Launch date": "1974-10-28", "Mass kg": 5795, "Duration days": 12 }, "description": "Luna 23 was a Soviet sample-return attempt that aimed for Mare Crisium, launched on a Proton-K on 28 October 1974 and landed on 6 November 1974; it kept transmitting until 9 November.\n\nThe lander tipped onto its side during landing, likely from excessive vertical or horizontal speed, and its drill apparently was damaged, so no soil could be collected. The mission was a partial success because the craft did reach the surface, but the sample capsule never left; the Soviets tried the same site again with Luna 24.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_23", "size": 3.74, "position": { "x": 248.5511, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-24", "name": "Luna 24", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Proton-K", "Year": 1976, "Launch date": "1976-08-09", "Mass kg": 5800, "Duration days": 12.6 }, "description": "Luna 24 was the last Soviet lunar mission and the last lunar sample return for 44 years. It launched on a Proton-K on 9 August 1976 and landed on 18 August in Mare Crisium, on the rim of Lev crater, near where Luna 23 had failed.\n\nIts drill reached about 2 m into the soil and recovered 170.1 g, and the capsule returned to Earth on 22 August 1976. The material gave scientists a deep sample of a mare. After it the Soviet and Russian programmes sent nothing to the Moon until Luna 25 in 2023, and the next sample returns came from China in 2020.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_24", "size": 3.74, "position": { "x": 257.7205, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-luna-25", "name": "Luna 25", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Russia", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Launch vehicle": "Soyuz-2.1b", "Year": 2023, "Launch date": "2023-08-10", "Mass kg": 1750, "Duration days": 8.5 }, "description": "Luna 25 was Russia's first lunar mission since Luna 24 in 1976 and the first mission of the Luna-Glob series, launched on a Soyuz-2.1b with a Fregat stage from Vostochny at 23:10 UTC on 10 August 2023 to land near the south pole.\n\nOn 19 August, while changing orbit before descent, a manoeuvring engine did not shut off on command and burned for 127 seconds instead of 84, putting the lander on a trajectory that hit the Moon about 400 km short of the planned Boguslawsky crater site. Contact was lost 47 minutes after the burn; NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter later found the crash site. India's Chandrayaan-3 made its south polar landing four days later.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_25\nPicture: Maquette-Luna-Glob-Lander-b-DSC 0075.jpg (model of the lander), Pline, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maquette-Luna-Glob-Lander-b-DSC_0075.jpg", "size": 3.18, "position": { "x": 410.7456, "y": -30.99, "z": 0 }, "images": ["e2a598d1-a3d2-43d6-a20e-1fcfe8397d7f"], "nodeImage": "e2a598d1-a3d2-43d6-a20e-1fcfe8397d7f" }, { "ID": "LM-surveyor-1", "name": "Surveyor 1", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Centaur", "Year": 1966, "Launch date": "1966-05-30", "Mass kg": 995, "Duration days": 222 }, "description": "Surveyor 1 was the first US soft landing on the Moon, four months after the Soviet Luna 9. It launched on an Atlas-Centaur on 30 May 1966 and landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966, on the first landing attempt of the programme, although one engineer had put its odds of success at only 10 to 15 percent.\n\nIt sent 11,237 still photographs and showed that the surface was firm enough for a heavy Apollo lander. Engineering data continued until 7 January 1967. The success after the failed Rangers and the Soviet lead gave Apollo planners the first direct view of the surface, and the lander was later located by Lunar Orbiter 3.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_1\nPicture: Surveyor NASA lunar lander.jpg (Surveyor mock-up), NASA, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surveyor_NASA_lunar_lander.jpg", "size": 3.01, "position": { "x": 74.9869, "y": -70, "z": 0 }, "images": ["92051646-b970-4d6e-b86f-cd5ed85a24ee"], "nodeImage": "92051646-b970-4d6e-b86f-cd5ed85a24ee" }, { "ID": "LM-surveyor-3", "name": "Surveyor 3", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Centaur", "Year": 1967, "Launch date": "1967-04-17", "Mass kg": 1026, "Duration days": 16 }, "description": "Surveyor 3 was the first Surveyor with a soil scoop. It launched on an Atlas-Centaur on 17 April 1967 and landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 20 April after reflective rocks confused its descent radar and it bounced twice before settling on its third touchdown.\n\nIts scoop dug four trenches up to 18 cm deep, and it sent 6,315 images including the first pictures of Earth from the lunar surface. On 19 November 1969 Apollo 12 astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean landed nearby, photographed the probe and removed parts including the television camera, which is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_3", "size": 3.02, "position": { "x": 89.616, "y": -70, "z": 0 }, "images": ["3b7e3e75-3c83-4895-8b80-0cec13e4f69a"], "nodeImage": "3b7e3e75-3c83-4895-8b80-0cec13e4f69a" }, { "ID": "LM-surveyor-5", "name": "Surveyor 5", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Centaur", "Year": 1967, "Launch date": "1967-09-08", "Mass kg": 1006, "Duration days": 100 }, "description": "Surveyor 5 landed in Mare Tranquillitatis, about 25 km from the site where Apollo 11 would later land, after a launch on an Atlas-Centaur on 8 September 1967.\n\nA leak in the helium system that pressurised the vernier engines threatened failure, so engineers improvised a landing that fired the retrorocket at about 42 km altitude and brought the craft down on the verniers over 106 seconds. Its alpha-scattering analyser used curium-242 sources to measure the soil's major elements and found basaltic rock like terrestrial basalts. It sent 19,118 images, and its last transmission came on 17 December 1967.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_5", "size": 3.02, "position": { "x": 101.3539, "y": -70, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-surveyor-6", "name": "Surveyor 6", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Centaur", "Year": 1967, "Launch date": "1967-11-07", "Mass kg": 1008, "Duration days": 37 }, "description": "Surveyor 6 landed in Sinus Medii on 10 November 1967 after launching on an Atlas-Centaur on 7 November, and its biggest result came a week later.\n\nOn 17 November 1967 its engines fired for 2.5 seconds and lifted the craft about 4 m while moving it about 2.5 m west, the first time any spacecraft lifted off from another celestial body. The test showed that an ascent from the Moon, needed for Apollo and for sample-return flights, was possible. Contact on 14 December 1967 yielded no useful data.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_6", "size": 3.02, "position": { "x": 107.8939, "y": -70, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-surveyor-7", "name": "Surveyor 7", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US robotic", "Launch vehicle": "Atlas-Centaur", "Year": 1968, "Launch date": "1968-01-07", "Mass kg": 1040, "Duration days": 45 }, "description": "Surveyor 7 was the seventh and last Surveyor and the only one to land in the lunar highlands. It launched on an Atlas-Centaur from Cape Canaveral on 7 January 1968 and landed on 10 January on the rim of Tycho crater, rough terrain far from the maria.\n\nIt transmitted 21,091 pictures and on 20 January its television camera captured two laser beams aimed at it from Kitt Peak in Arizona and Table Mountain in California. The fifth soft landing of the programme, it ended contact on 21 February 1968 after battery damage in the first lunar night, completing the survey Apollo had needed.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_7", "size": 3.03, "position": { "x": 114.4439, "y": -70, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-chang-e-3", "name": "Chang'e 3", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 3B", "Year": 2013, "Launch date": "2013-12-01", "Mass kg": 3780, "Duration days": 973 }, "description": "Chang'e 3 made China the third country to soft-land on the Moon, the first soft landing since Luna 24 in 1976. It launched on a Long March 3B from Xichang at 17:30 UTC on 1 December 2013 and landed on 14 December in Mare Imbrium, about 40 km south of Laplace F, instead of the planned Sinus Iridum.\n\nThe lander carried the six-wheeled Yutu rover, 140 kg and named Jade Rabbit after an online poll, which drove about 114.8 m and had ground-penetrating radar. Planned for about three months, it worked about 2 years and 230 days before a mechanical fault stopped it, and the lander's ultraviolet telescope was the first long-term lunar observatory. Chang'e 4 was built as its backup.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_3", "size": 3.5, "position": { "x": 359.2223, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-chang-e-4", "name": "Chang'e 4", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Active", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 3B", "Year": 2018, "Launch date": "2018-12-07", "Mass kg": 3780, "Duration days": 2872 }, "description": "Chang'e 4 made the first soft landing on the Moon's far side. It launched on a Long March 3B on 7 December 2018 and landed at 02:26 UTC on 3 January 2019 at Statio Tianhe in Von Kármán crater, within the South Pole-Aitken basin.\n\nThe lander and its Yutu-2 rover were built as the backup of Chang'e 3 and adapted for the far side, which needs the Queqiao relay satellite in a halo orbit at Earth-Moon L2 to reach Earth. Yutu-2 was deployed about 12 hours after landing and set a record for lunar longevity of 322 days before passing it; a biosphere experiment sprouted seeds for nine days before the lunar night. The mission is still listed as active in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4\nPicture: ChangE-4 - PCAM.png, CSNA/Siyu Zhang/Kevin M. Gill, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png", "size": 3.5, "position": { "x": 383.7561, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 }, "images": ["79b24bf7-a599-4cae-8e90-323de2727a60"], "nodeImage": "79b24bf7-a599-4cae-8e90-323de2727a60" }, { "ID": "LM-chang-e-5", "name": "Chang'e 5", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 5", "Year": 2020, "Launch date": "2020-11-23", "Mass kg": 8200, "Duration days": 22.9 }, "description": "Chang'e 5 was China's first lunar sample return and the first since Luna 24 in 1976. It launched on a Long March 5 from Wenchang at 20:30 UTC on 23 November 2020, and the lander touched down at Mons Rümker in northern Oceanus Procellarum on 1 December.\n\nA drill reached about 1 m and the mission collected about 1,731 g of samples. The ascender lifted off, performed the first robotic docking in lunar orbit, and the capsule landed in Inner Mongolia on 16 December 2020. The samples included basalts about 1.96 billion years old, filling an age gap in the lunar record, and revealed new minerals such as Changesite-(Y). The mission was backed up by Chang'e 6.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5\nPicture: Chang-e-5-assembly-CG-1-Cropped.jpg (computer render), China News Service, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chang-e-5-assembly-CG-1-Cropped.jpg", "size": 3.98, "position": { "x": 395.5343, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 }, "images": ["339bfd88-08b2-4e73-9bec-3c21a029b820"], "nodeImage": "339bfd88-08b2-4e73-9bec-3c21a029b820" }, { "ID": "LM-chang-e-6", "name": "Chang'e 6", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "China", "Launch vehicle": "Long March 5", "Year": 2024, "Launch date": "2024-05-03", "Mass kg": 8350, "Duration days": 52.9 }, "description": "Chang'e 6 returned the first samples from the Moon's far side. The backup of Chang'e 5, it launched on a Long March 5 from Wenchang at 09:27 UTC on 3 May 2024 and landed in the southern part of the Apollo basin, inside the South Pole-Aitken basin, at 22:23 UTC on 1 June (2 June Beijing time).\n\nThe Queqiao-2 relay satellite supported the descent. A scoop and drill gathered 1,935.3 g of soil, rock and subsurface material, the ascender lifted off on 3 June and docked with the orbiter on 6 June, and the capsule landed in Inner Mongolia on 25 June 2024 after about 53 days. The samples gave scientists the first direct evidence of the far side's composition and age.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6", "size": 3.99, "position": { "x": 421.2974, "y": -139.28, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "LM-chandrayaan-2", "name": "Chandrayaan-2", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Status": "Active", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "GSLV Mk III", "Year": 2019, "Launch date": "2019-07-22", "Mass kg": 3850, "Duration days": 2645 }, "description": "Chandrayaan-2 was India's second lunar mission, an orbiter, the Vikram lander and the Pragyan rover launched together on a GSLV Mk III from Sriharikota on 22 July 2019. The aim was India's first soft landing and a study of the surface composition and lunar water.\n\nOn 6 September 2019 (7 September in India) the Vikram lander crashed during descent; a failure committee blamed a software glitch with higher-than-nominal engine thrust and accumulated navigation errors, and the rover was never deployed. The orbiter kept working and in 2026 it is still operating, having served as a relay and imaged the landing area that Chandrayaan-3 used. NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter found the wreck of Vikram in 2019.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2\nPicture: GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Vikram lander mounted on top of orbiter.jpg, Indian Space Research Organisation, GODL-India, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GSLV_Mk_III_M1,_Chandrayaan-2_-_Vikram_lander_mounted_on_top_of_orbiter.jpg", "size": 3.51, "position": { "x": 387.485, "y": -164.71, "z": 0 }, "images": ["ee8bb01a-f0a2-43f4-813d-65e7729d8be9"], "nodeImage": "ee8bb01a-f0a2-43f4-813d-65e7729d8be9" }, { "ID": "LM-chandrayaan-3", "name": "Chandrayaan-3", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "LVM3", "Year": 2023, "Launch date": "2023-07-14", "Mass kg": 3900, "Duration days": 51 }, "description": "Chandrayaan-3 made India the fourth country to soft-land on the Moon and the first to land near the south pole. It launched on an LVM3 from Sriharikota on 14 July 2023 and landed at about 12:33 UTC on 23 August 2023 at Shiv Shakti Point, near 69 degrees south.\n\nIndia repeated the lander design after the 2019 crash, using images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter to choose the region. The 26 kg Pragyan rover drove about 101.4 m and detected sulphur near the south pole, and the lander made a short hop, only the second lander to do so after Surveyor 6. Both shut down at lunar sunset about 12 days after landing and did not respond again by 28 September 2023.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3\nPicture: Chandrayaan-3 – Image of Vikram lander on lunar surface taken by Pragyan rover navcam at 1104 IST, 30 August 2023 from 15 meters away (with text).webp, Indian Space Research Organisation, GODL-India, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST,_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_(with_text).webp", "size": 3.52, "position": { "x": 410.3021, "y": -164.71, "z": 0 }, "images": ["d80c822f-2506-44cf-bfb0-7e15c77626cd"], "nodeImage": "d80c822f-2506-44cf-bfb0-7e15c77626cd" }, { "ID": "LM-beresheet", "name": "Beresheet", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Israel", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2019, "Launch date": "2019-02-22", "Mass kg": 585, "Duration days": 48.7 }, "description": "Beresheet was the first privately initiated Moon mission, built by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries after the Google Lunar X Prize, with about 100 million dollars mostly from private donors. It launched as a secondary payload on a Falcon 9 on 22 February 2019 and reached lunar orbit on 4 April, making Israel the seventh country to orbit the Moon.\n\nOn 11 April 2019, during braking for the landing planned in Mare Serenitatis, a gyroscope failed. Restarting the second inertial unit cut off data from the good one, the computer rebooted, software reloads took five tries and the main engine shut down, so the lander hit the surface at over 500 km per hour. It carried a magnetometer, a NASA laser retroreflector and a digital time capsule.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet\nPicture: Beresheet model on Habima Square 20190222 01.jpg (full-scale model), TaBaZzz, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beresheet_model_on_Habima_Square_20190222_01.jpg", "size": 2.89, "position": { "x": 385.021, "y": -172.75, "z": 0 }, "images": ["479855f5-f4cd-4df6-b308-85cd2195996e"], "nodeImage": "479855f5-f4cd-4df6-b308-85cd2195996e" }, { "ID": "LM-hakuto-r-1", "name": "Hakuto-R Mission 1", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2022, "Launch date": "2022-12-11", "Mass kg": 1000, "Duration days": 135.4 }, "description": "Hakuto-R Mission 1 was the first lander of the Japanese company ispace, a privately funded technology demonstrator that launched on a Falcon 9 on 11 December 2022 and travelled about 1.4 million km, farther than any privately funded spacecraft before it. It carried the UAE's Rashid rover and a small JAXA and Tomy rover.\n\nOn 25 April 2023, in the last stage of descent, the onboard computer wrongly judged its radar altimeter to be faulty and ignored it, so the lander believed it was lower than it was and kept hovering about 5 km above the surface until its propellant ran out and it fell. NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter found the impact site near Atlas crater on 23 May 2023. The software lesson was applied on the second mission.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1\nPicture: Maquette de Hakuto-R IAC 2022.jpg (model), Artvill, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maquette_de_Hakuto-R_IAC_2022.jpg", "size": 3.02, "position": { "x": 406.7702, "y": -172.75, "z": 0 }, "images": ["86c32daa-6727-42f6-96a5-a195f65aabdd"], "nodeImage": "86c32daa-6727-42f6-96a5-a195f65aabdd" }, { "ID": "LM-hakuto-r-2", "name": "Hakuto-R Mission 2", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2025, "Launch date": "2025-01-15", "Mass kg": 1000, "Duration days": 141 }, "description": "Hakuto-R Mission 2 carried ispace's second lander, Resilience, with the Tenacious micro rover, a roughly 5 kg rover built in Luxembourg and the first European-built lunar rover, plus a miniature red Swedish cottage called Moonhouse. It launched on a Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center on 15 January 2025, sharing the ride with Blue Ghost Mission 1.\n\nThe lander reached Mare Frigoris but crashed on 5 June 2025; ispace's analysis of 24 June 2025 attributed the hard landing to an anomaly in the laser range finder. After the altimeter lesson of the first mission, the second failure again came in the final descent. ispace has since reassigned its third mission to a new lander, targeting 2028.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2\nPicture: RESILIENCE-lander-replica04 20250528atHanedaAirPort.jpg (replica), テレストレラッソ, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RESILIENCE-lander-replica04_20250528atHanedaAirPort.jpg", "size": 3.02, "position": { "x": 426.8661, "y": -172.75, "z": 0 }, "images": ["bde7f04f-2d0f-40b4-9722-b34ec21d9283"], "nodeImage": "bde7f04f-2d0f-40b4-9722-b34ec21d9283" }, { "ID": "LM-slim", "name": "SLIM", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "Other nations", "Launch vehicle": "H-IIA", "Year": 2023, "Launch date": "2023-09-06", "Mass kg": 590, "Duration days": 236 }, "description": "The Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, nicknamed the Moon Sniper, was JAXA's technology demonstrator for pinpoint landing. It launched on an H-IIA 202 from Tanegashima at 23:42 UTC on 6 September 2023, sharing the rocket with the XRISM X-ray telescope, and touched down at 15:20 UTC on 19 January 2024 near Shioli crater in Mare Nectaris.\n\nUsing crater-recognition image processing and Kaguya orbiter data, it landed within about 55 m of its target, well inside the 100 m goal, making Japan the fifth country to soft-land. One engine nozzle was lost during descent, and the lander came to rest on its side so its solar panels faced away from the Sun; it still deployed the hopper LEV-1 and the Sora-Q rover, recovered when sunlight reached the panels on 28 January and survived several lunar nights until contact ended on 29 April 2024.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon\nPicture: SLIM half scale model (close cropped).png (half-scale model), Hms1103, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SLIM_half_scale_model_(close_cropped).png", "size": 2.9, "position": { "x": 411.1891, "y": -149.17, "z": 0 }, "images": ["22581432-5ddc-46b6-9421-9b20d358711f"], "nodeImage": "22581432-5ddc-46b6-9421-9b20d358711f" }, { "ID": "LM-peregrine", "name": "Peregrine Mission One", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Failure", "Group": "US commercial", "Launch vehicle": "Vulcan Centaur", "Year": 2024, "Launch date": "2024-01-08", "Mass kg": 1283, "Duration days": 10 }, "description": "Peregrine Mission One was Astrobotic's lander and the first flight of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services programme. It launched on the maiden flight of the Vulcan Centaur on 8 January 2024 and aimed to land at Gruithuisen Gamma on 23 February, carrying a 90 kg payload that included the Iris rover, five Colmena robots and a library with Wikipedia.\n\nA gradual propellant leak, which Astrobotic believes came from a valve that failed to reseal and may have ruptured the oxidiser tank, forced the lander to use fuel constantly, so it could no longer land. It was redirected to re-enter over the South Pacific near Point Nemo on 18 January 2024, six days into the flight, to avoid debris. It would have been the first US-built lander on the Moon since Apollo 17.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One", "size": 3.08, "position": { "x": 413.2261, "y": -129.54, "z": 0 }, "images": ["52677077-f9f2-44f8-b5b6-74c570b11d87"], "nodeImage": "52677077-f9f2-44f8-b5b6-74c570b11d87" }, { "ID": "LM-im-1", "name": "IM-1", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "US commercial", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2024, "Launch date": "2024-02-15", "Mass kg": 1900, "Duration days": 14 }, "description": "IM-1, named Odysseus, was Intuitive Machines' first Nova-C lander. It launched on a Falcon 9 on 15 February 2024 and landed at 23:23 UTC on 22 February near Malapert A crater close to the south pole, the first private soft landing on the Moon and the first US soft landing since Apollo 17.\n\nIts laser rangefinders did not work during descent because a safety switch had not been activated before launch, so ground teams reprogrammed the lander to use a NASA lidar experiment instead. It landed faster than planned on a 12-degree slope, skidded, broke one of six legs and tipped onto its side, with antennas pointing away from Earth. All six NASA instruments worked, the EagleCam camera missed the landing, and the lander shut down at lunar night on 29 February.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-1", "size": 3.21, "position": { "x": 420.0161, "y": -129.54, "z": 0 }, "images": ["13a99bb9-6a81-4abd-ad68-aa591c341718"], "nodeImage": "13a99bb9-6a81-4abd-ad68-aa591c341718" }, { "ID": "LM-blue-ghost-1", "name": "Blue Ghost Mission 1", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Success", "Group": "US commercial", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2025, "Launch date": "2025-01-15", "Mass kg": 1517, "Duration days": 60.7 }, "description": "Blue Ghost Mission 1 was Firefly Aerospace's first lunar lander and the first fully successful commercial soft landing on the Moon. It launched on a Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center at 06:11 UTC on 15 January 2025, sharing the rocket with ispace's Resilience, and landed at 08:34 UTC on 2 March 2025 in Mare Crisium near Mons Latreille.\n\nUnder NASA's commercial services programme it delivered 10 NASA payloads, all of which powered on and returned more than 110 GB of data. The lander worked for about 14 days, until the batteries ran down a few hours after lunar sunset, with last contact at 23:25 UTC on 16 March 2025. The result gave the programme its first complete success after the setbacks of Peregrine and IM-1.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1", "size": 3.14, "position": { "x": 426.8661, "y": -129.54, "z": 0 }, "images": ["1f6b04ec-d687-4233-b654-e50f16e245a1"], "nodeImage": "1f6b04ec-d687-4233-b654-e50f16e245a1" }, { "ID": "LM-im-2", "name": "IM-2", "type": "Landing mission", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Status": "Flown", "Outcome": "Partial success", "Group": "US commercial", "Launch vehicle": "Falcon 9", "Year": 2025, "Launch date": "2025-02-27", "Mass kg": 2120, "Duration days": 8.3 }, "description": "IM-2, named Athena, was Intuitive Machines' second Nova-C lander, launched on a Falcon 9 at 00:16 UTC on 27 February 2025 with a drill-and-spectrometer package called PRIME-1 to search for water ice, plus a rover and a hopper. It landed at 17:28 UTC on 6 March 2025 at Mons Mouton near the south pole.\n\nContact was briefly lost during descent, dust disrupted navigation, a failed altimeter led to a skid and the lander ended on its side in a crater, so its solar panels did not face the Sun. About 100 W of power could not run both heaters and the high-gain antenna, so operators prioritised data, and NASA said lander operations ended less than 13 hours after landing. The rover and hopper were never deployed.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-2", "size": 3.25, "position": { "x": 433.7561, "y": -129.54, "z": 0 } }, { "ID": "MS-first-escape", "name": "Earth escape", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1959, "Date": "1959-01-02" }, "description": "First escape from Earth's gravity\n\nOn 2 January 1959 the Soviet Union's Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to reach Earth's escape velocity. The probe was launched toward the Moon with the aim of crashing into it, but a delayed engine cutoff sent it past the Moon at about 5,995 km on 4 January.\n\nThe flight proved that rockets could leave Earth's gravity, made the first direct measurements of the solar wind and put the first artificial object in orbit around the Sun, called Artificial Planet 1. It opened the race for the Moon eight months before Luna 2 reached the surface.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 18.4164, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-impact", "name": "First impact", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1959, "Date": "1959-09-13" }, "description": "First impact on the Moon\n\nAt 21:02 UTC on 13 September 1959 the Soviet probe Luna 2 struck the Moon east of Mare Imbrium, the first human-made object to reach another celestial body.\n\nThe previous try, Luna 1, had missed the Moon in January, so Luna 2 was aimed with a better trajectory, and its sodium vapour cloud let astronomers see its approach. The crash proved that a spacecraft could be sent to the Moon accurately, and replicas of its pennants were later presented to President Eisenhower.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_2", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 24.5629, "y": -5.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-far-side-photos", "name": "Far side seen", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1959, "Date": "1959-10-07" }, "description": "First photographs of the far side\n\nOn 7 October 1959 the Soviet probe Luna 3 photographed the far side of the Moon, which no human had ever seen, from 63,500 to 66,700 km away.\n\nThe craft took 29 pictures covering about 70 percent of the far side and sent about 17 of them back before contact ended on 22 October. They showed mountainous terrain and few dark maria, a surprise given how smooth the near side looks.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_3", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 30.6857, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-soft-landing", "name": "Soft landing", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1966, "Date": "1966-02-03" }, "description": "First soft landing on the Moon\n\nOn 3 February 1966 at 18:45 UTC the Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 landed softly in Oceanus Procellarum, the first controlled landing on another world.\n\nThe Soviets had failed on their previous attempts, from Luna 4 to Luna 8, mostly from guidance and control faults, before Luna 9 succeeded using a landing bag and a contact sensor that shut off the engine. Its panoramas proved that the surface was firm enough to carry a heavy spacecraft, and the United States followed four months later with Surveyor 1.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_9", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 67.2506, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-orbit", "name": "Lunar orbit", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1966, "Date": "1966-04-03" }, "description": "First satellite of the Moon\n\nOn 3 April 1966 the Soviet Luna 10 entered lunar orbit at 18:44 UTC, the first artificial satellite of the Moon, just two months after Luna 9's soft landing.\n\nIt flew 460 orbits and returned data until 30 May, including the first evidence of mascons beneath the surface and gamma-ray measurements of uranium, thorium and potassium-40. The achievement showed that spacecraft could be placed in lunar orbit, a technique that Lunar Orbiter and Apollo needed.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_10", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 74.0506, "y": -5.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-lift-off", "name": "First hop", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1967, "Date": "1967-11-17" }, "description": "First lift-off from the Moon\n\nOn 17 November 1967 NASA's Surveyor 6 fired its engines for 2.5 seconds on the Moon and rose about 4 m while moving about 2.5 m west, the first time a spacecraft had lifted off from another celestial body.\n\nThe test was run after Surveyor 6's main work in Sinus Medii was finished, because Apollo's ascent stage and any sample-return craft would depend on starting engines on the Moon and leaving it.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_6", "size": [8.2, 2], "position": { "x": 108.0582, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-round-trip", "name": "Round trip", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1968, "Date": "1968-09-21" }, "description": "First round trip around the Moon\n\nZond 5 made the first loop around the Moon and back to Earth, flying past at 1,950 km on 18 September 1968 and splashing down in the Indian Ocean on 21 September.\n\nThe Soviet spacecraft carried two tortoises, fruit fly eggs, plants, algae and bacteria, showing that living things could survive a lunar trip and re-entry, a test for the crewed Zond flights the Soviets were preparing. It landed in the sea rather than the intended Kazakhstan zone, but it still proved the circumlunar route three months before Apollo 8.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_5", "size": [9, 2], "position": { "x": 118.6821, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-crewed-orbit", "name": "Crew orbits", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "Apollo", "Year": 1968, "Date": "1968-12-24" }, "description": "First humans in lunar orbit\n\nOn 24 December 1968 Apollo 8's Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders became the first people to orbit the Moon, after a three-day trip on a Saturn V from Florida.\n\nThe flight had been changed from an Earth-orbit test of the Lunar Module to a lunar-orbit flight in August 1968 because the module was not ready. The crew orbited ten times, were the first to see the far side and Earthrise, and read from Genesis in a broadcast on Christmas Eve, proving that crewed lunar flight was practical and keeping the 1969 landing goal alive.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 127.1899, "y": -5.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-crewed-landing", "name": "First landing", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "Apollo", "Year": 1969, "Date": "1969-07-20" }, "description": "First crewed landing on the Moon\n\nAt 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module Eagle on the Sea of Tranquility, the first humans on the Moon. Michael Collins remained in orbit in the command module.\n\nThe landing met President Kennedy's 1961 goal of landing a man on the Moon before the decade was out, after eight years of development and the loss of the Apollo 1 crew. Armstrong and Aldrin spent about two and a half hours outside and brought back 21.55 kg of samples; the Soviet Luna 15 crashed in Mare Crisium the next day, still trying to bring back soil first.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 151.9063, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-sample-return", "name": "Sample return", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1970, "Date": "1970-09-24" }, "description": "First robotic sample return\n\nOn 24 September 1970 the Soviet Luna 16 capsule landed in Kazakhstan with 101 g of lunar soil, the first sample returned from another world by a robot.\n\nThe Soviets had failed at the same task with Luna 15 during Apollo 11, and Luna 16 succeeded a year later after landing in Mare Fecunditatis, drilling and launching its ascent stage. Having lost the crewed race, they used robotic return to show that samples could be obtained without risking a crew, and Luna 20 and Luna 24 repeated it.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_16", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 179.4975, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-rover", "name": "First rover", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1970, "Date": "1970-11-17" }, "description": "First rover on the Moon\n\nOn 17 November 1970 at 06:28 UTC the Soviet rover Lunokhod 1 rolled off the lander of Luna 17 onto Mare Imbrium, the first wheeled vehicle driven remotely on another world.\n\nThe roughly 756 kg rover operated for 322 days, driving about 10.54 km and sending back over 20,000 television images, with the last communications on 14 September 1971. It gave the Soviets a robotic answer to Apollo, whose own crewed rover first drove on Apollo 15 in July 1971.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_17\nPicture: Soviet moonrover.JPG (Lunokhod mock-up), Petar Milošević, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_moonrover.JPG", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 187.3754, "y": -5.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true }, "images": ["8a32f785-cf35-4281-a87e-a19110fbe6d2"] }, { "ID": "MS-third-nation-landing", "name": "China lands", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Group": "China", "Year": 2013, "Date": "2013-12-14" }, "description": "Third nation to soft-land on the Moon\n\nOn 14 December 2013 at 13:11 UTC China's Chang'e 3 landed in Mare Imbrium, making China the third country to soft-land on the Moon after the Soviet Union and the United States, and the first to do so since Luna 24 in 1976.\n\nChina had spent a decade on orbiters in a staged programme that began with approval in 2004, and the landing delivered its first lunar rover, Yutu. After a 37-year gap the landing reopened the Moon to national agencies and set up the later far-side and sample-return missions.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_3", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 359.4359, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-far-side-landing", "name": "Far-side landing", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Group": "China", "Year": 2019, "Date": "2019-01-03" }, "description": "First landing on the far side\n\nOn 3 January 2019 at 02:26 UTC China's Chang'e 4 made the first soft landing on the far side of the Moon, in Von Kármán crater inside the South Pole-Aitken basin.\n\nThe far side never faces Earth, so China first launched the Queqiao relay satellite into a halo orbit at Earth-Moon L2 in 2018 to carry radio signals. The lander and its Yutu-2 rover, built as a backup for Chang'e 3, then explored an ancient impact basin, and the mission set the stage for Chang'e 6's far-side sample return.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 384.1996, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-south-pole-landing", "name": "South pole", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2023, "Date": "2023-08-23" }, "description": "First soft landing near the south pole\n\nOn 23 August 2023 at about 12:33 UTC India's Chandrayaan-3 landed at Shiv Shakti Point near 69 degrees south, the first soft landing near the Moon's south pole and India's first lunar landing.\n\nThe south pole matters because permanently shadowed craters may hold water ice, which Chandrayaan-1, LCROSS and others had hinted at. Russia's Luna 25 had tried to land there and crashed four days earlier, so Chandrayaan-3 made India the fourth country to land on the Moon, and its rover detected sulphur near the pole for the first time.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3", "size": [9, 2], "position": { "x": 410.9592, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-pinpoint-landing", "name": "Pinpoint", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "Japan", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2024, "Date": "2024-01-19" }, "description": "First pinpoint landing on the Moon\n\nOn 19 January 2024 at 15:20 UTC JAXA's SLIM landed on the Moon within about 55 m of its target, the first demonstration of a pinpoint landing.\n\nTo reach that precision, SLIM matched crater patterns in camera images to maps made by the Kaguya orbiter and steered itself down, which opens the way to landing next to resources or earlier landers. One engine nozzle fell off during descent and the craft landed on its side, but the landing accuracy goal was met and Japan became the fifth country to soft-land.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon", "size": [7.4, 2], "position": { "x": 413.4068, "y": -5.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-first-commercial-landing", "name": "Commercial", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "US commercial", "Year": 2024, "Date": "2024-02-22" }, "description": "First commercial landing on the Moon\n\nOn 22 February 2024 at 23:23 UTC the Intuitive Machines lander Odysseus landed near Malapert A crater at the south pole, the first soft landing by a privately built spacecraft and the first US landing since Apollo 17 in 1972.\n\nIt was the second flight of NASA's commercial lunar services programme after Astrobotic's Peregrine failed to land, and its laser rangefinder problem and tip-over on a slope limited the mission, but it still delivered six NASA instruments. Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 1 then made the first fully successful commercial landing on 2 March 2025.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-1", "size": [9, 2], "position": { "x": 420.1311, "y": -9.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-far-side-samples", "name": "Far side soil", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Group": "China", "Year": 2024, "Date": "2024-06-25" }, "description": "First samples from the far side\n\nOn 25 June 2024 China's Chang'e 6 capsule landed in Inner Mongolia with 1,935.3 g of material from the Moon's far side, the first far-side samples ever returned to Earth.\n\nThe lander had set down in the Apollo basin inside the South Pole-Aitken basin on 1 June with the Queqiao-2 relay satellite supporting the descent, and the ascender docked with the orbiter in lunar orbit before the return. It built on Chang'e 4's far-side landing and Chang'e 5's near-side sample return.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 422.168, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "MS-farthest-humans", "name": "Farthest crew", "type": "Milestone", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2026, "Date": "2026-04-06" }, "description": "Farthest humans from Earth\n\nOn 6 April 2026 Artemis II's crew flew around the far side of the Moon and reached 406,771 km from Earth, farther than any humans had ever travelled, surpassing the record of 400,171 km set by Apollo 13 in 1970.\n\nWiseman, Glover, Koch and Hansen flew a free-return path that took them 6,545 km above the far side at closest approach. Apollo 13 had set the old record on a looping path forced by its accident; Artemis II reached the new record on the first crewed lunar flight in 53 years.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 440.3762, "y": -2.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-kennedy", "name": "Kennedy goal", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "Apollo", "Year": 1961, "Date": "1961-05-25" }, "description": "Kennedy sets the Moon goal\n\nOn 25 May 1961, twenty days after Alan Shepard's first American spaceflight and weeks after Yuri Gagarin's first orbit, President John F. Kennedy asked Congress to commit the nation to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely before the decade was out.\n\nThe request responded to Soviet successes in the early space race. Congress funded the plan, which became the Apollo programme and drew in Ranger, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter to prepare the way.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 39.7648, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-apollo-1", "name": "Apollo 1 fire", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Accident", "Group": "Apollo", "Year": 1967, "Date": "1967-01-27" }, "description": "Apollo 1 fire\n\nOn 27 January 1967 at 23:31 UTC a fire swept through the Apollo 1 command module during a launch rehearsal at Launch Complex 34 and killed Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee.\n\nAn electrical fault most likely ignited flammable materials in a pure-oxygen cabin at raised pressure, and the plug-door hatch could not be opened against the pressure. NASA suspended crewed Apollo flights for about 20 months while the command module was redesigned with a mixed oxygen-nitrogen launch atmosphere, an outward-opening hatch and fire-resistant materials. Apollo 4, the first Saturn V flight, launched in November 1967 and Apollo 7 resumed crewed flight in October 1968.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 83.6567, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-n1-failures", "name": "N1 failures", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "Soviet Union", "Kind": "Accident", "Group": "Soviet and Russian", "Year": 1969, "Date": "1969-07-03" }, "description": "N1 rocket failures\n\nThe Soviet N1 was the giant rocket meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon, and it failed in all four launches. On 21 February 1969 a control fault shut down the first stage after about 68 seconds. On 3 July 1969 a turbopump explosion made it fall back onto the pad, destroying Launch Complex 110 East.\n\nThe third launch on 26 June 1971 broke up after an uncontrolled roll, and the fourth on 23 November 1972 lost its first stage after fuel lines ruptured. With no working heavy rocket the Soviets could not land a crew, and the programme was suspended in 1974 under new chief Valentin Glushko. The failure ended the Soviet crewed lunar race and moved the effort to robotic Luna missions and the Energia and Buran programme.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_(rocket)", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 140.1962, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-apollo-cancellations", "name": "Apollo cuts", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Cancellation", "Group": "Apollo", "Year": 1970, "Date": "1970-09-02" }, "description": "Apollo flights cancelled\n\nAs the budget shrank after the first landings, NASA announced on 4 January 1970 that it was cancelling Apollo 20, which freed a Saturn V to launch the Skylab station as a ready-built workshop. On 2 September 1970 it announced further cuts and cancelled two more planned landing flights.\n\nSaturn V production had already been capped at 15 rockets. The cuts meant Apollo 17 in December 1972 became the last lunar landing, ending the programme earlier than planned and leaving the Moon unvisited by humans for more than half a century.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancelled_Apollo_missions", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 179.1361, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-clementine-ice-hint", "name": "Ice hint", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Discovery", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 1996, "Date": "1996-11-29" }, "description": "Clementine hints at polar ice\n\nAfter Clementine's 1994 mission, scientists studied its radio reflections from the polar regions and reported in the journal Science on 29 November 1996 that the signals could be consistent with ice in shadowed craters at the south pole.\n\nThe finding was inconclusive and later questioned, because Arecibo radar studies found similar signatures in areas not in permanent shadow, so rocks could produce them. It nonetheless revived the old idea that cold traps hold water ice, and it was followed by Lunar Prospector's hydrogen detection in 1998 and the LCROSS impact in 2009.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_water https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ice/ice_moon.html", "size": [7.4, 2], "position": { "x": 294.2045, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-chandrayaan-water", "name": "Surface water", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "India", "Kind": "Discovery", "Group": "Other nations", "Year": 2009, "Date": "2009-09-24" }, "description": "Chandrayaan-1 finds water on the surface\n\nOn 24 September 2009 Science published results from NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper on India's Chandrayaan-1, showing hydroxyl and water across large areas of the lunar surface in low concentrations. ISRO had said earlier that its Moon Impact Probe, which struck near Shackleton crater on 14 November 2008, had detected water in its descent data.\n\nThe result overturned the view of a completely dry Moon, because the water appeared even on sunlit ground and not only in shadowed craters. It was followed weeks later by LCROSS.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 336.7683, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-lcross-water", "name": "Ice found", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Discovery", "Group": "US robotic", "Year": 2009, "Date": "2009-11-13" }, "description": "LCROSS finds water in a shadowed crater\n\nOn 9 October 2009 the LCROSS Centaur stage and then its shepherding spacecraft struck the permanently shadowed crater Cabeus near the Moon's south pole. On 13 November 2009 NASA announced that water was present in the impact plume.\n\nA later analysis put the water at about 5.6 percent by mass, a higher share than expected in a place that never sees the Sun. The result made the south pole a prime destination for resource-seeking missions, and NASA's commercial landers now target the pole to scout resources.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCROSS", "size": [8.2, 2], "position": { "x": 337.5897, "y": -16.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-clep-approval", "name": "CLEP approved", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "China", "Year": 2004, "Date": "2004-01-23" }, "description": "China approves its lunar programme\n\nChina's Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is dated from 23 January 2004, when the staged plan for the Moon was approved, with orbiters, landers and sample return planned in turn.\n\nThe decision set a long, steady path that reached the first orbiter in 2007, the first landing in 2013 and the far side in 2019. The programme has since added a crewed landing target for 2029 to 2030.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_program", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 314.311, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-constellation-cancelled", "name": "Constellation", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Cancellation", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2010, "Date": "2010-02-01" }, "description": "Constellation cancelled\n\nNASA's Constellation programme, formalised in the 2005 authorisation act, aimed to return crews to the Moon by 2020 with the Ares I and Ares V rockets, the Orion capsule and the Altair lander. The 2009 Augustine Committee found it could not succeed without substantial added funding.\n\nPresident Obama's budget of 1 February 2010 dropped its funding, and the 2010 authorisation act formally shelved it. Orion survived and flew on Artemis I in 2022, and Ares V work fed into the Space Launch System, so the cancellation set up the architecture of Artemis even as it ended the first plan to go back.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 338.9039, "y": -20.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-sls-adopted", "name": "SLS ordered", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2010, "Date": "2010-10-11" }, "description": "Congress orders the Space Launch System\n\nThe NASA Authorization Act of 2010, signed on 11 October 2010, directed NASA to build a heavy rocket and the Orion capsule to replace the retired Space Shuttle and the cancelled Constellation programme. NASA announced the Space Launch System design on 14 September 2011.\n\nThe rocket incorporated hardware from the cancelled Ares I and Ares V programmes, a choice criticised for cost and delays. It first flew on Artemis I in November 2022 and carries Artemis II and the planned later flights.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 343.0435, "y": -23.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-artemis-named", "name": "Artemis named", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2019, "Date": "2019-05-16" }, "description": "Artemis named\n\nOn 16 May 2019 NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced the name Artemis for the programme to return people to the Moon, after the Greek goddess who is Apollo's twin sister.\n\nSpace Policy Directive 1 of 11 December 2017 had called for a US-led return, and the name gave the effort a public identity. The programme then added commercial landers and international partners and later fell to a landing target of early 2028.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 386.3844, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-artemis-accords", "name": "Accords signed", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "International", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2020, "Date": "2020-10-13" }, "description": "Artemis Accords signed\n\nOn 13 October 2020, in a livestreamed ceremony, eight countries (Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States) signed the Artemis Accords, a non-binding set of principles for civil space exploration tied to Artemis.\n\nThe United States wanted partners to agree on rules for exploring and using the Moon as more nations and companies planned lunar flights. More countries joined each year, and 76 had signed by 26 September 2026, when San Marino joined the Accords.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_Accords", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 394.8608, "y": -16.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-artemis-iii-recast", "name": "Docking test", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2026, "Date": "2026-02-27" }, "description": "Artemis III recast as a docking test\n\nOn 27 February 2026 NASA revised the Artemis plan so that Artemis III, until then the first crewed landing, became a crewed docking test in low Earth orbit, planned for 2027, and the first landing moved to Artemis IV in early 2028.\n\nThe change let NASA save the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage for Artemis IV and gave time to test Orion's rendezvous with both the Blue Origin and SpaceX landers before choosing one for the landing. It extended the schedule of the first landing by a flight.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_III", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 439.752, "y": -13.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-gateway-paused", "name": "Gateway halted", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Kind": "Cancellation", "Group": "Artemis", "Year": 2026, "Date": "2026-03-24" }, "description": "Gateway station halted\n\nOn 24 March 2026 NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman announced that the agency would stop plans for the Gateway space station in lunar orbit and instead spend about 20 billion dollars over seven years on a base on the Moon's surface. Reuters described this as a cancellation, while NASA's wording was a pause.\n\nThe station had been part of the Artemis architecture for later flights, and its removal changed the plan for Artemis IV and V. NASA said it would reuse applicable hardware and partner commitments, and ESA and the Canadian Space Agency said they were consulting NASA on the consequences.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_IV https://www.theregister.com/2026/03/24/goodbye_lunar_gateway_nasa_ditches/", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 440.1627, "y": -16.75, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "TP-chang-e-7-postponed", "name": "Chang'e-7 delay", "type": "Turning point", "properties": { "Country": "China", "Kind": "Decision", "Group": "China", "Year": 2026, "Date": "2026-08-23" }, "description": "Chang'e-7 postponed\n\nChang'e-7 is China's planned south polar mission with an orbiter, lander, hopper and rover, to search for water ice near Shackleton crater. Its spacecraft reached the Wenchang launch site in April 2026, and the probe and its Long March 5 rocket were moved to the pad on 19 August 2026.\n\nOn 23 August 2026 China's space authority said the probe did not meet launch conditions for the planned 2026 window, citing a comprehensive assessment guided by prudence and absolute mission success, but gave no technical reason and no new date. Some sources list 2027, unconfirmed. The delay left the second half of 2026 without a Chinese lunar launch.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_7", "size": [9.8, 2], "position": { "x": 442.6596, "y": -20.25, "z": 0 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "AS-borman", "name": "Frank Borman", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1928 }, "description": "Frank Borman (1928-2023) commanded Apollo 8, the first crewed flight to orbit the Moon, in December 1968. A test pilot chosen in NASA's second astronaut group, he had earlier flown Gemini 7, a two-week mission.\n\nBorman led the crew of Lovell and Anders on the trip that was converted in August 1968 from an Earth-orbit test to a lunar-orbit flight. After the ten orbits and the Christmas Eve broadcast the crew returned on 27 December 1968, and he did not fly again.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 127.1406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["5e98a02c-f3a3-471a-939e-55e393e44045"], "nodeImage": "5e98a02c-f3a3-471a-939e-55e393e44045" }, { "ID": "AS-lovell", "name": "Jim Lovell", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1928 }, "description": "Jim Lovell (1928-2025) flew to the Moon twice. He was command module pilot on Apollo 8 in December 1968, the first crew to orbit the Moon, and commander of Apollo 13 in April 1970.\n\nOn Apollo 13 an oxygen tank failure forced him and his crew, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise, to abort the landing, and he brought them home using the Lunar Module as a lifeboat. He never walked on the Moon, but his two lunar journeys and the 400,171 km distance record of Apollo 13 stood until Artemis II in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 131.2406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["7bb8cf74-0e6a-4827-946a-0ce1592daaee"], "nodeImage": "7bb8cf74-0e6a-4827-946a-0ce1592daaee" }, { "ID": "AS-anders", "name": "William Anders", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1933 }, "description": "William Anders (1933-2024) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 8, flying without a lander because the module was not ready, so he took on the role of photographer and systems checker. He was a nuclear engineer and fighter pilot.\n\nOn 24 December 1968 he took the Earthrise photograph from lunar orbit that became one of the most reproduced images in history. He never flew in space again and later served as US ambassador to Norway.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 123.0406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["3638ca53-fa92-4caa-8d34-6e13e5c41d24"], "nodeImage": "3638ca53-fa92-4caa-8d34-6e13e5c41d24" }, { "ID": "AS-stafford", "name": "Thomas P. Stafford", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "Thomas Stafford (1930-2024) commanded Apollo 10, the dress rehearsal for the first landing, in May 1969. He had flown two Gemini missions, including the first Gemini rendezvous.\n\nWith Eugene Cernan he took the Lunar Module Snoopy to 14.4 km above the Moon's surface while John Young orbited in the command module. The flight proved every step but the touchdown, and Stafford later commanded the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 139.4406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["36e08877-3a71-442f-ab2b-06c7c174e23d"], "nodeImage": "36e08877-3a71-442f-ab2b-06c7c174e23d" }, { "ID": "AS-young", "name": "John Young", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "John Young (1930-2018) flew to the Moon twice. He was command module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969 and commander of Apollo 16 in April 1972, when he and Charles Duke landed in the Descartes Highlands.\n\nOn Apollo 16 he spent three days on the lunar surface. He later commanded STS-1, the first Space Shuttle flight, in 1981 and STS-9 in 1983, so his career spanned Gemini, Apollo and the Shuttle.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 143.5406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["81cff004-3f5c-4fec-ae54-880ab29275cb"], "nodeImage": "81cff004-3f5c-4fec-ae54-880ab29275cb" }, { "ID": "AS-cernan", "name": "Gene Cernan", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1934 }, "description": "Eugene Cernan (1934-2017) flew to the Moon twice: as Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 10 in May 1969, when he and Thomas Stafford approached within 14.4 km of the surface, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December 1972.\n\nOn Apollo 17, he and geologist Harrison Schmitt landed in the Taurus-Littrow valley on 11 December 1972. Cernan was the last of the twelve to leave the lunar surface, which made him the most recent person to have walked on the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 135.3406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["0d4c8036-5d79-46d2-a31f-473a063ca207"], "nodeImage": "0d4c8036-5d79-46d2-a31f-473a063ca207" }, { "ID": "AS-armstrong", "name": "Neil Armstrong", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "Neil Armstrong (1930-2012) commanded Apollo 11 and became the first person to walk on the Moon on 20 July 1969. A former test pilot and Gemini 8 commander, he took manual control of the Lunar Module Eagle and landed with little fuel left.\n\nHe and Buzz Aldrin spent about two and a half hours outside, collected 21.55 kg of samples and planted the flag while Michael Collins orbited above. After the flight Armstrong left NASA, taught engineering and kept a low public profile.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 151.8406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["b0c8ef21-a2d9-4ea1-bd8a-d6ad7f03cd28"], "nodeImage": "b0c8ef21-a2d9-4ea1-bd8a-d6ad7f03cd28" }, { "ID": "AS-collins", "name": "Michael Collins", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "Michael Collins (1930-2021) was the command module pilot of Apollo 11. While Armstrong and Aldrin were on the surface he stayed in lunar orbit alone in the command module Columbia, out of radio contact each time he passed behind the Moon.\n\nHe had flown Gemini 10 and made spacewalks earlier. After Apollo he left NASA, became the first director of the National Air and Space Museum in 1971 and wrote a well-known memoir of the flight.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 155.9406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["e1043312-7fdd-4160-a593-f37066683e6a"], "nodeImage": "e1043312-7fdd-4160-a593-f37066683e6a" }, { "ID": "AS-aldrin", "name": "Buzz Aldrin", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "Buzz Aldrin (born 1930) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 11 and the second person to walk on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. He holds a doctorate in orbital rendezvous and had flown Gemini 12, where he did record spacewalks.\n\nHe and Neil Armstrong spent about two and a half hours on the surface. After the flight he became a public advocate for further exploration, and he is one of the five Apollo lunar travellers alive in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 147.7406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["8f1bf34e-4ab8-4a26-8356-dab92b527955"], "nodeImage": "8f1bf34e-4ab8-4a26-8356-dab92b527955" }, { "ID": "AS-conrad", "name": "Pete Conrad", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "Pete Conrad (1930-1999) commanded Apollo 12, the second crewed Moon landing, in November 1969. A Navy test pilot who had flown Gemini 5 and Gemini 11, he flew a precision landing in the Ocean of Storms about 163 m from the Surveyor 3 probe.\n\nWith Alan Bean he walked to Surveyor and removed its television camera and other parts to study the Moon's effect on materials. The crew was struck by lightning at launch, and Conrad later commanded the first Skylab crew in 1973.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Conrad", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 164.3406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["9b4543b3-9ce7-44c4-9311-60dfbdddf230"], "nodeImage": "9b4543b3-9ce7-44c4-9311-60dfbdddf230" }, { "ID": "AS-gordon", "name": "Dick Gordon", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1929 }, "description": "Richard Gordon (1929-2017) was the command module pilot of Apollo 12 in November 1969. He stayed in lunar orbit in the command module Yankee Clipper while Conrad and Bean walked on the Ocean of Storms.\n\nA Navy test pilot who had flown Gemini 11 with Conrad, he photographed landing sites from orbit during the flight. He never walked on the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr.", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 168.4406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["e22bf710-7043-4602-a591-68f78a9a980a"], "nodeImage": "e22bf710-7043-4602-a591-68f78a9a980a" }, { "ID": "AS-bean", "name": "Alan Bean", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1932 }, "description": "Alan Bean (1932-2018) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 12 and the fourth person to walk on the Moon, in November 1969. When lightning struck the Saturn V at launch, he found the fix for the lost telemetry by switching the signal conditioning to auxiliary power.\n\nOn the second moonwalk he and Pete Conrad visited Surveyor 3. After leaving NASA he became a painter of lunar scenes, using moon dust in his work, and he also flew on Skylab in 1973.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bean", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 160.2406, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["0a92029b-06e1-4c56-994e-b5af73c5bb4e"], "nodeImage": "0a92029b-06e1-4c56-994e-b5af73c5bb4e" }, { "ID": "AS-swigert", "name": "Jack Swigert", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1931 }, "description": "Jack Swigert (1931-1982) was the command module pilot of Apollo 13. He joined the crew only days before launch, replacing Ken Mattingly, who had been exposed to measles.\n\nWhen an oxygen tank failed on 13 April 1970, he helped the crew shut down the damaged spacecraft, move into the Lunar Module and return around the Moon. He never walked on the Moon, and he later won election to the US Congress but died before taking his seat.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 178.8206, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["d1722d6b-c9d0-42b9-a06c-d2366aea7846"], "nodeImage": "d1722d6b-c9d0-42b9-a06c-d2366aea7846" }, { "ID": "AS-haise", "name": "Fred Haise", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1933 }, "description": "Fred Haise (born 1933) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 13 and was meant to walk on the Fra Mauro highlands. After the oxygen tank accident on 13 April 1970 his module Aquarius became the crew's lifeboat for the trip around the Moon.\n\nHe was a test pilot who later flew Space Shuttle approach and landing tests and never flew in space again. He is one of the five Apollo lunar travellers alive in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 174.7206, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["bf0fb32f-17d5-4bef-8ad9-31a32c6bb622"], "nodeImage": "bf0fb32f-17d5-4bef-8ad9-31a32c6bb622" }, { "ID": "AS-shepard", "name": "Alan Shepard", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1923 }, "description": "Alan Shepard (1923-1998) was the first American in space, in May 1961, and later commanded Apollo 14, becoming the fifth person to walk on the Moon in February 1971. He returned to flight status after treatment for an inner-ear condition that had grounded him for years.\n\nOn the Fra Mauro highlands he and Edgar Mitchell made two moonwalks totalling more than nine hours, and Shepard hit golf balls with a makeshift club. The flight put Apollo back on track after the Apollo 13 accident.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 193.3006, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["18716838-26ef-44c4-9cec-91bda9ad3560"], "nodeImage": "18716838-26ef-44c4-9cec-91bda9ad3560" }, { "ID": "AS-roosa", "name": "Stuart Roosa", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1933 }, "description": "Stuart Roosa (1933-1994) was the command module pilot of Apollo 14. A former smokejumper and test pilot, he orbited the Moon alone for about two days in the command module Kitty Hawk while Shepard and Mitchell were on the surface.\n\nHe carried tree seeds on the flight, and the seedlings grown from them were planted across the United States as Moon trees. He never walked on the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Roosa", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 189.2006, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["6a55c827-5355-46a3-9b39-424b228291f5"], "nodeImage": "6a55c827-5355-46a3-9b39-424b228291f5" }, { "ID": "AS-mitchell", "name": "Edgar Mitchell", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "Edgar Mitchell (1930-2016) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 14 and the sixth person to walk on the Moon, in February 1971. He held a doctorate in aeronautics and astronautics.\n\nWith Alan Shepard he spent 33 hours on the Fra Mauro formation, set up surface experiments and collected almost 45 kg of samples. He later founded an institute for studying consciousness.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 185.1006, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["73b7e9bf-9bfb-4ef5-8280-81aeb08b2736"], "nodeImage": "73b7e9bf-9bfb-4ef5-8280-81aeb08b2736" }, { "ID": "AS-scott", "name": "David Scott", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1932 }, "description": "David Scott (born 1932) commanded Apollo 15, the first of the long science missions, in July 1971. He and James Irwin landed near Hadley Rille and drove the first Lunar Roving Vehicle 27.9 km.\n\nOn the surface he dropped a hammer and a feather at the same moment to show on television that they fall together without air, repeating Galileo's principle. He is one of the five Apollo lunar travellers alive in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 201.7006, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["1668b0a9-5cdb-4ae4-89a7-dd3f4fdb1a0c"], "nodeImage": "1668b0a9-5cdb-4ae4-89a7-dd3f4fdb1a0c" }, { "ID": "AS-worden", "name": "Al Worden", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1932 }, "description": "Alfred Worden (1932-2020) was the command module pilot of Apollo 15. While David Scott and James Irwin worked at Hadley Rille he operated the mapping cameras and instruments from orbit.\n\nOn the way back he made the first deep-space spacewalk, retrieving film cassettes from the service module. After the flight, the crew was reprimanded over unauthorised postal covers carried to the Moon, and none of the three flew in space again.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Worden", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 205.8006, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["608a8199-a329-40e3-997b-e4fde9712dd3"], "nodeImage": "608a8199-a329-40e3-997b-e4fde9712dd3" }, { "ID": "AS-irwin", "name": "James Irwin", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1930 }, "description": "James Irwin (1930-1991) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 15 and the eighth person to walk on the Moon. With David Scott he drove the rover across Hadley Rille and collected the Genesis Rock.\n\nThe crew's reprimand over unauthorised postal covers ended their spaceflight careers. Irwin left NASA the following year and founded a religious ministry.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 197.6006, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["25aa13f0-ffd6-4d79-bf3d-33cf4b401532"], "nodeImage": "25aa13f0-ffd6-4d79-bf3d-33cf4b401532" }, { "ID": "AS-mattingly", "name": "Ken Mattingly", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1936 }, "description": "Ken Mattingly (1936-2023) was the command module pilot of Apollo 16. He had been bumped from Apollo 13 days before launch after exposure to measles and then helped the ground team work out a power-up procedure for the crippled spacecraft.\n\nOn Apollo 16 he stayed in lunar orbit while John Young and Charles Duke landed in the Descartes Highlands, and he made a spacewalk on the way home. He later commanded Space Shuttle flights.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mattingly", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 221.2933, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["d6b3173f-0034-4490-8df8-85df34ddd560"], "nodeImage": "d6b3173f-0034-4490-8df8-85df34ddd560" }, { "ID": "AS-duke", "name": "Charles Duke", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1935 }, "description": "Charles Duke (born 1935) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 16 and, at 36, the youngest person to walk on the Moon. With John Young he landed in the Descartes Highlands in April 1972.\n\nThe pair made three moonwalks totalling 20 hours 14 minutes, drove the rover 26.7 km and collected 95.71 kg of samples including the large Big Muley rock. Duke is one of the five Apollo lunar travellers alive in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 217.1933, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["5b28463e-7486-4bc2-9c16-87da06d16819"], "nodeImage": "5b28463e-7486-4bc2-9c16-87da06d16819" }, { "ID": "AS-evans", "name": "Ron Evans", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Command module pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1933 }, "description": "Ronald Evans (1933-1990) was the command module pilot of Apollo 17, the last crewed lunar landing. He orbited the Moon alone in the command module America for about three days while Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt worked in the Taurus-Littrow valley.\n\nHe made a spacewalk on the return trip to retrieve film. Evans never walked on the Moon and died in 1990.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 229.6933, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["8dc7cb80-cc3f-466d-9a7e-2aff54fa641b"], "nodeImage": "8dc7cb80-cc3f-466d-9a7e-2aff54fa641b" }, { "ID": "AS-schmitt", "name": "Harrison Schmitt", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Lunar module pilot", "Moonwalker": true, "Born": 1935 }, "description": "Harrison Schmitt (born 1935) was the Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 17 and the only professional geologist to walk on the Moon. Scientists had pressed NASA to send one, and he was assigned to the last landing flight.\n\nWith Eugene Cernan he explored the Taurus-Littrow valley in December 1972. He later served as a US senator from New Mexico and is one of the five Apollo lunar travellers alive in 2026.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 233.7933, "y": -105.57, "z": 0 }, "images": ["2c823604-2c8d-4a02-9357-981ffd955299"], "nodeImage": "2c823604-2c8d-4a02-9357-981ffd955299" }, { "ID": "AS-wiseman", "name": "Reid Wiseman", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Commander", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1975 }, "description": "Reid Wiseman (born 1975) is a NASA astronaut and former Navy pilot who commanded Artemis II, the first crewed flight around the Moon since 1972. He previously flew on the International Space Station in 2014 and served as chief of the Astronaut Office.\n\nHe led Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Jeremy Hansen from launch on 1 April 2026 through the far-side flyby to splashdown off San Diego on 10 April.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Wiseman", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 446.4441, "y": -122.49, "z": 0 }, "images": ["440847b7-e401-4e31-bcb6-ad83e67238af"], "nodeImage": "440847b7-e401-4e31-bcb6-ad83e67238af" }, { "ID": "AS-glover", "name": "Victor Glover", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Pilot", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1976 }, "description": "Victor Glover (born 1976) is a NASA astronaut and Navy test pilot who flew as pilot of Artemis II. In 2020 he piloted the first operational flight of SpaceX's Crew Dragon to the International Space Station and served on Expeditions 64 and 65.\n\nOn the April 2026 lunar flyby he became the first Black astronaut to fly to the Moon, and with his crew he surpassed the distance record set by Apollo 13.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J._Glover", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 434.1441, "y": -122.49, "z": 0 }, "images": ["5b296429-436a-4c52-b4be-0c4efbaba163"], "nodeImage": "5b296429-436a-4c52-b4be-0c4efbaba163" }, { "ID": "AS-koch", "name": "Christina Koch", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "United States", "Role": "Mission specialist", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1979 }, "description": "Christina Koch (born 1979) is a NASA astronaut and engineer who flew as a mission specialist on Artemis II. She holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman, from her International Space Station stay in 2019 and 2020.\n\nOn the April 2026 lunar flyby she became the first woman to fly to the Moon, following a crew that reached farther from Earth than anyone before.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Koch", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 442.3441, "y": -122.49, "z": 0 }, "images": ["3faf5752-c6e7-4299-99b9-7f73449475f1"], "nodeImage": "3faf5752-c6e7-4299-99b9-7f73449475f1" }, { "ID": "AS-hansen", "name": "Jeremy Hansen", "type": "Person", "properties": { "Country": "Canada", "Role": "Mission specialist", "Moonwalker": false, "Born": 1976 }, "description": "Jeremy Hansen (born 1976) is an astronaut of the Canadian Space Agency who flew as a mission specialist on Artemis II. Before joining the Canadian Space Agency he flew the CF-18 fighter jet as a Royal Canadian Air Force pilot at Cold Lake, Alberta.\n\nOn the April 2026 lunar flyby he became the first Canadian, and the first person from outside the United States, to travel around the Moon.\n\nSources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen", "size": 1.8, "position": { "x": 438.2441, "y": -122.49, "z": 0 }, "images": ["7b69f72e-d713-4c4c-9640-ac6f30d749e7"], "nodeImage": "7b69f72e-d713-4c4c-9640-ac6f30d749e7" }, { "ID": "kl-year-1959", "name": "1959", "type": "the grid", "properties": {}, "size": [13.096, 2], "position": { "x": 25.1979, "y": 1, "z": 0.01 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "kl-year-1960", "name": "1960", "type": "the grid", "properties": {}, "size": [5.075, 2], "position": { "x": 34.7835, "y": 1, "z": 0.01 }, "features": { "resizeTextToFit": true } }, { "ID": "kl-year-1961-1963", "name": "1961-1963", "type": "the grid", "properties": {}, "size": [9.896, 2], 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